The Effects of Hansen’s Erp Technology Changes on Both...

TRIDENT UNIVERSITY MODULE 1 CASE ASSIGNMENT ITM436 Operations Mgmt and Operations Systems 17 June 2012 In this paper I will attempt to discuss the ERP technology changes made by Hansen to both production and non-production functions of their business. I will also discuss how production and non-production effects are related to each other. The Hansen Company was created in the 1950’s by Bert and Dawn Hansen who were building their home and created reliable toilet valve in the process. They began manufacturing the valves in their garage and shipping them around the country by railway. Since then they have grown in to the leading manufacturer of polythene pipe fittings, threaded pipe fittings and high flow foot and check valves. Today†¦show more content†¦Axapta provided a good fit for the company’s requirements, particularly production scheduling. â€Å"Microsoft Dynamics AX was originally developed as collaboration between IBM and Damgaard as IBM Axapta and was then ultimately acquired by the Microsoft Corporation.† [ (Wikipedia, 2012) ] The dedicated project team comprised of Carl Hansen, managing director, Hanham, Vaughan Woodgate from Network Management (Hansen’s outsourced IT infrastructure partner) and Cox worked for six months to implement the company’s new system. They introduced the changes in two phases, first by over hauling the financials and inventory and then the manufacturing portion of the business. These changes on both production and non-production functions of the business had a great impact on Hansen. Axapta has produced considerable efficiencies within Hansen’s production processes, delivering streamlined production planning and scheduling. It also made it possible for the expansion into the Canadian market by allowing them to forecast the company needs to successfully manage continued growth. The ERP software enabled Hansen to provide more accurate information to customers about their order which resulted in a boost in customer service and satisfaction. One example is that w hen a customer places an order the system sends them an e-mail confirming the purchase and additional e-mails when it is shipped, who will deliver it and when exactly it will arrive. ItShow MoreRelatedCase Overview of ERP Implementation at Hansen Products733 Words   |  3 PagesProduction Scheduling and Control The effects of Hansens ERP technology changes on both production and non-production functions of the business, and how the production and non-production effects are related to each other Case Overview Hansen Products is a leading manufacturer of polythene pipe fittings, threaded pipe fittings and high flow foot and check valves; with more than 500 finished products under the Hansen brand, the company has a strong export focus, with established exclusiveRead MoreProduction Scheduling and Control: The Effects of Hansens ERP Technology751 Words   |  3 PagesProduction Scheduling and Control The effects of Hansens ERP technology changes on both production and non-production functions of the business, and how the production and non-production effects are related to each other Case Overview Hansen Products is a leading manufacturer of polythene pipe fittings, threaded pipe fittings and high flow foot and check valves; with more than 500 finished products under the Hansen brand, the company has a strong export focus, with established exclusive

Essay on Telephone and Availability - 794 Words

1) Consider an automated teller machine (ATM) in which users provide a personal identification number (PIN) and a card for account access a) Give examples of confidentiality, integrity, and availability requirements associated with the system and, in each case, indicate the degree of importance of the requirement.. Answer: Confidentiality: The confidentiality of the details and transactions of the money of a user holding the account is very important. The customer of a bank holds the methods and machines of the bank to be responsible for his money, indeed customer expects the use of the account and money to be limited to himself and not anyone else. Any leak of the confidentiality of the account may lead to stealing of the money of†¦show more content†¦Integrity: A user always rely on the accuracy of the communication services. whenever a user dials a number it is intended to be connected to a identified user on other side. Any missed connection with the line will lead to additional charges if not to customer then to the company. Accuracy in the connection is important factor in telecommunication services. Availability: A customer uses a telephone to communicate with other people when in need. If not available at the time of need then it is of no use to him. So the availability of the telephone system is of the most important. 2) Consider a desktop publishing system used to produce documents for various organizations. a) Give an example of a type of publication for which confidentiality of the stored data is the most important requirement. Answer: In the system which publishes business data such as share values and share holder data confidentiality is of most important. b) Give an example of a type of publication in which data integrity is the most important requirement. Answer: Integrity is important in the system which publishes research data, new findings, government data, rules, laws and regulations. c) Give an example in which system availability is the most important requirement Answer: Availability is important in the systems which publishes public data such as health, IT returns and also inShow MoreRelatedApplication Of A Cell Phone Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesand feel of an iPhone, a HTC telephone, or a Samsung Galaxy telephone? Your own inclination for style can likewise influence your decision. !ME 3. What size do you need? †¢ Do you need a greater cell phone with an expansive screen, or a slimmer, more smooth looking telephone with a littler screen? Your response to this will truly figure out what brand of telephone you purchase. 4. What do your loved ones have? †¢ Sometimes it s less demanding to pick the telephone that both your family andRead MoreAnalysis Of The NBN959 Words   |  4 Pagesgiving broadband availability to territorial and remote Australia. So you would now be able to appreciate speedy access to wellbeing, instruction and business administrations, and above all you can remain associated with loved ones wherever they are far and wide. The Sky Musterâ„ ¢ satellite administration covers terrain Australia and Tasmania, and remote islands, for example, Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Lord Howe Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Q-4 Function of the telephone network AffectingRead MoreEssay on Human Resources Recruiting Helpline1695 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation given in this case study, conduct a speculative job analysis and prepare a job specification on what being an effective volunteer telephone counselor entails and which attributes you feel as necessary prerequisite. III. Based on the job specification you have prepared for question II, prepare a job advertisement for the recruitment of telephone counselors. I. Identify and analyze the symptoms and problems that the ‘Carers’ face and offer recommendations for their solution by usingRead MoreNursing Informatics Telenursing1276 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Nursing informatics is using more technology in managing information, and telenursing is mostly used in the practice. For example nurses currently use faxes, telephone, videophone, and computers. Telenursing is the use of telecommunications and computer for the delivery of nursing care, and some common uses are telephone triage, monitoring for chronic disease, follow-up calls, educating patents and providing care. Telenursing services can be timely and costly effective for a patient, butRead MoreEffects of Cell Phone1609 Words   |  7 Pagesof a standard wired telephone but is smaller and more mobile. A cell phone requires a subscription to a service provider and requires either a prepaid or monthly billing setup. Generally, they have more functions than traditional land lines and need to be charged after a period of time. Also called mobile phone or mobile device.—BusinessDictionary.com A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio linkRead MoreEssay on The Invention of the Telegraph and Morse Code651 Words   |  3 Pagesin a day. Because of this availability of new information, people stayed more informed and were in return more involved in national issues. Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray both independently designed a telephone in the 1870s. However, Bell was the first to have his patented, so he is credited with the invention of the telephone. With the help of Thomas Watson, Bell was able to make the very first phone call on March 10, 1876. In 1885, they began American Telephone and Telegraph, known todayRead MoreUnit 4 P7948 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization. It is normally deal with one particular subject. For example: the manager use business memo to inform the employees that the meeting date is changed. Fax The original document is scanned with a fax machine and then sent through the telephone system to a recipient. It is useful to send documents quickly if there is one copy available. For example: of a signed contract. Invoice An invoice is a detailed bill from seller to buyer and it might list the quantity of each item, pricesRead MoreBenefits of Online Travel Arrangements for Businesses1167 Words   |  5 Pagesbe presented in three categories: current travel arrangement process, advantages of online reservations and disadvantages of online reservations. Current Travel Arrangement Process Basic Black Corporation uses a combination of e-mails and telephone calls to make travel arrangements for its on site and regional branch employees. The procedure currently in place for travel arrangements is outlined in Figure 1. |Figure 1 Read More Teleconferencing - An Upgraded Means of Communication Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pageselectric telegraph. This was used for local transmission of messages and information. It became an international means of information transfer in 1876. In this same year with the invention of telephone system by Alexander graham bell, communication system was upgraded (World Communications 50). The telephone not only became an extension of telegraph but a break through and the basis for much of today’s astonishing progress in the routing, transmission and processing of information. The first wirelessRead MoreChallenges Of Recruitment And Selection Process1472 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket, economic conditions, and industry competitors (Chron, 2015). For instance, when the labor market has a shortage or tight, limited availability of workers with the qualifications are need. Therefore, the recruitment method s might begin with candidates that are currently employed (Chron, 2015). In addition, one of the factors that influence the availability of candidates is the growth of the economy (Chron, 2015). When a company is not creating new jobs, there is often an oversupply of qualified

Chrysanthemums By Steinbeck Evaluation Essay Example For Students

Chrysanthemums By Steinbeck Evaluation Essay The Chrysanthemums, by John Steinbeck, is set in the beautiful valley of Salinas, California, during a time when California was the land of plenty. A place where dust storms and drought were unheard of, where water was plentiful and the air sprinkled with the sweet smell of fruit blossoms. A time when simple people farm the land and struggle to find a place for themselves in the world. Elisa Allen is at a point in her life where she has begun to realize that her energy and creative drive far exceed what life has offered her. Her husband, Henry Allen, is a well meaning and essentially good man and is quite pleased to be able to make a decent living. Her marriage is reasonably happy and there is an easy banter between the two of them. While they have settled into a fairly familiar and ordinary routine, they are still responsive to each others sense of accomplishment and agree to celebrate with a night on the town. Elisa is earthbound, rooted securely in her garden but also held down by her connection to it. Their house is described as hard-swept and hard-polished, and is the only outlet for her talents. However, Elisa needs something more in her life than a neat house and a good garden. Their marriage is childless and conventional and she has begun to sense that an important part of her is dying and that her future will be predictable and mundane. Elisa is a barren woman who has transferred her maternal impulses to her garden, a garden full of unborn seedlings. On the other hand, Elisa would never consider a lurid affair, when a dark mysterious stranger appears at their quiet farm dwelling looking for work. A complete contrast from her husband, an adventurer who lives spontaneously, a man of the road not bound by standard measures of time or place. Since mending pots is a way of life, he has found it necessary to be able to charm potential customers into giving him work, and is very skillful at calculating a persons emotional needs. The stranger is described as big, bearded, and graying man, who knows something about life and people. A man with a captivating presence whose eyes are dark and full of brooding. Elisa is fascinated by his spontaneous way of life. When she tries to get him to discuss his travels, he steers back to the possibility of employment. When it is apparent that she has no work to give him, he cleverly praises her flowers. Elisa is desperately eager to share in the one thing she is actually proud of, and carefully gathers some shoots to share with another customer down the road. As she disciplines the stranger on the proper nurturing of the seedlings, her passionate involvement with the process of planting becomes an expression of all the suppressed romance in her life. The stranger senses this craving, and offers just enough encouragement to lead her into a full-scale declaration of her profound love of what planting means to her. Elisa would like this moment to continue, but the stranger reminds her that hunger overcomes inspiration. Elisa, somewhat ashamed by her openness, finds some useless old pots for him to mend. She believes that the man has given her something of value and she feels obliged to give him something in return. As the man leaves, Elisa looks away after him, whispering to herself, Thats a bright direction. Theres a glowing there. The purpose of the conversation between Elisa and the stranger is very dramatic. Elisa feels energized and appreciated, delighted by her moment to share her special skill and excited by the chance to share, at least in her imagination, a totally different kind of life. As she prepares for the evening, the effort she usually puts into scrubbing the house is redirected into her transformation to make herself as attractive as she now feels. .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 , .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .postImageUrl , .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 , .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5:hover , .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5:visited , .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5:active { border:0!important; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5:active , .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5 .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8da92fe1a190b4e7e330c8c520674a5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: High School Journalism: Breaking The Barriers EssayHer husband is both surprised and pleased by her appearance, and their conversation is mixed with pleasantries and unexpected delight as they both enjoy the animating effect of Elisas encounter. Their mood remains distinctly elevated as they head for town, but then Elisa sees a small speck on the road in the distance. Instantly, she realizes that this is the treasure she so tenderly prepared. The stranger has discarded the flowers on the road to save the pot that contained them, the only object of value to him. She weeps privately as they drive pass the stranger in the tiny covered wagon. Elisa is shattered by the heartless manner in which he has drawn something from her secret self and then completely betrayed her gift by not even taking the trouble to hide the flowers. She attempts to override her disappointment, by maintaining a mood of gaiety, suggesting that they have wine at dinner. This is not sufficient to help her restore her feelings of confidence, so she asks her husband if they might go to a prizefight. This request so completely out of character that again her husband is totally baffled. She searches further for that special feeling she held briefly, and asks if men hurt each other very much. This is part of an effort to focus her own violent and angry feelings, but it is completely hollow as an attempt to sustain her sense of self-control. In a few moments, she completely gives up and her whole body collapses into the seat in a display of defeat. As the story concludes, Elisa is struggling to hide her real feeling of pain from her husband. She is anticip ating a dreadful future in which she pictures herself crying weakly like an old woman. Clearly Steinbecks is particularly sensitive to the effect of landscape on a persons life. Because Elisa Allens sense of her own self-worth is so closely tied to the land, Steinbeck has chosen to connect her psychical existence to the season, the climate, and the terrain she inhibits. The mood of the story is set by his description of a winter fog bordered valley, a description that is also pertinent to Elisas mood. She is entering middle age, and when the valley is compared to a closed pot with no sunshine in December. There is a close parallel to the condition of her life, a sealed vessel with little light available. Steinbeck referred to it as a time of quiet and waiting, and the land, Elisas only field of action, is dormant, with little work to be done. Elisa Allen is beginning to sense that not everybody can be satisfied by bread alone. Henrys concentration on his role as provider and decision-maker have blinded him from Elisas need for someone to understand the essential nature of her yearning. The question Steinbeck poses is whether one should settle for security and comfort, or risk ones dreams in an attempt to live more completely and intensely. The retreat from action at the conclusion suggests that the risks are great, but there is a possibility that Elisa might not be permanently beaten by her pain. In this story Steinbeck focuses more closely on character than on surroundings, though that is not to say that the naturalistic setting has a non-existing role in the story. The story develops from a dramatic point of view, as Steinbeck first describes the entire valley in a panoramic view, then moves closer to focus Elisa working in her garden. Throughout the story, the perspective shifts from Elisas narrow and cramped domain, to the entire ranch, and to the world beyond. In a final transformation, Elisas shock is thrown back by an image of multiple confinement, as she is enclosed by a wagon, surrounded by her seat and hidden within a coat that covers her face. It is not an image designed to create confidence in Elisas prospects. Elisa is also seen alternately as a part of a larger landscape and as a small figure in an enclosed area. Her warm, three-dimensional character serves to show the human beauty beneath her rough and somewhat masculine exterior. .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de , .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .postImageUrl , .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de , .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de:hover , .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de:visited , .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de:active { border:0!important; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de:active , .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf388f6cdb4e5eccbad74fbdef90609de:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Taekwondo: Korean Martial Arts EssayElisa has certain needs of the spirit, the abstract nature of which keeps happiness forever elusive. She feels trapped between societys definition of the masculine and the feminine. Elisa generally wears bland, baggy clothes that tend to de-gender her. Her husband Henry is more practical, with greater involvement in physical concern; but is confronted by a woman whose depression is partially due to a confusion of sexual identity. Henry withdraws from the masculine role of leadership, leaving Elisa to flounder between aggression and submission. Here Steinbeck offers no solution for the psychological conflicts that plague human interactions. He does not want the readers to see Elisa change; he wants to leave it open, to make us wonder about her character. Steinbecks short story focuses on the details of the simple lives and hardships of men and women in the Salinas River Valley, bringing the reader into the characters most private lives and intimate moments. In this story, something as simple and uneventful as a visit by a traveling repairman reveals the tedious and monotonous lifestyle led by a farmers wife. The reader is drawn into the tale and vicariously experiences the suffering and longing of the lonely housewife. This story reflects the unfulfilled longings of a country housewife, who compensates for her disappointments in her life through her garden. Steinbecks use of simple themes and his concern for common human values, stir the readers thoughts and emotions, and leave them with an awareness of life. This story has one rare, creative thing: a directness of impression that makes it glow with life.

The Role of ERP Systems in Managing Global Businesses

Table of Contents Introduction Discussion The linkage between Global businesses Global business units can achieve global visibility Managing global performance Conclusion References Introduction ERP systems are computer applications and management systems that integrate various business aspects and are used to manage resources, data, and functions (Buckley Casson, 2009). In essence, the ERP systems help to bring a seamless and robust system that supports business processes (Bouquet, Morrison Birkinshaw, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of ERP Systems in Managing Global Businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In supporting business operations, global or multinational firms have invested immensely on ERP systems. However, varied opinions on whether ERP systems capabilities are aligned to helping global businesses needs have been donated. The other conspicuous concern relates to whe ther ERP systems can help multinational firms to achieve enhanced performance. Although considerable studies have examined the role of ERP systems in supporting global firms, there is still need to research the effect of these systems on the growth of global firms (Beard Sumner, 2004). A lot of literature has been delivered to exhibit the impact of alignment of ERP systems to virtual and international businesses. This paper advances the contribution of the current literature on the role of ERP systems in growth of global businesses. Realizing the requirements to have accurate information, many global firms have decided to align ERP systems with global businesses from which organizational success can be achieved (Beard Sumner, 2004). Discussion There is a growing acceptance of the use of ERP systems across sections of the business world, especially among businesses that seek to globalize. Proponents of ERP systems suggest that with the growing competition, businesses are supposed t o develop business systems that will bolster their processes as they exploit new markets. In this paper, I seek to explore the role and the effectiveness of ERP systems in global businesses. Arguably, ERP systems, just like other applications, may have limitations. Integration complexities and high initial investment costs are some of the outright downsides of ERP systems (Beard Sumner, 2004). However, studies conducted on companies that have fully or partially implemented ERP systems reveal that such businesses have managed to canvas the market and penetrate external markets more easily than have businesses with traditional approaches. The linkage between Global businesses Global businesses are businesses that have multinational operations and transfer goods, services, information, skills, and capital across boundaries. These business formations have unique information needs because of their integrated operations in geographically dispersed business units. The need for virtual org anizations to source accurate and timely information to enhance business processes has necessitated the use of ERP systems (Bouquet, Morrison Birkinshaw, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since ERP systems are seamless, they allow information sourcing and operating in different time zones requires global businesses to deploy enterprise systems to manage their operations. Global businesses deal with different global cultures as they move toward profiting from their operations (Bouquet, Morrison Birkinshaw, 2009). In the effort to compete on the global platform, businesses conglomerate to form powerful business structures. However, these business units also need information systems as frontiers of global growth. Studies have shown that ERP systems help businesses to manage diversity (Beard Sumner, 2004). There is the need to establish accurate and timely infor mation requirements that befit operations of global nature. As observed, the need to outsource consolidated information is an imperative aspect that global businesses are pushed to achieve. This is where the role of ERP systems comes into play. Clearly, the information required is massive and that traditional business strategies may fail to address challenges of accessing global enterprises (Beard Sumner, 2004). Enterprise Resource planning systems are management systems that enable businesses to have better international coordination, collaboration as strategies in the ambit of multination a business. The rising complexity in information needs of global businesses can be managed by the use of ERP systems due to the capacity of ERP systems to offer multi modular support system. Therefore, businesses, especially multinational and virtual organizations should envision robust capabilities suitable to manage virtual businesses. ERP systems have the capacity to offer an opportunity to a rrive at tactical, operational and strategic decisions (Beard Sumner, 2004). Unlike traditional legacy, organizations deploying the regime of ERP systems are able to gather and utilize accurate information that can support the growth of businesses. Businesses that want to explore outside markets beyond country boundaries can decide to enter such markets through various strategies, including partnerships, alliances and mergers (Bouquet, Morrison Birkinshaw, 2009). Whether a business decides to take either of the above penetration methods, there is need to execute their techniques via feasible ERP systems. International organizations can use supply chains and third party businesses to approach businesses. ERP systems, according to supply chain professionals, integrate numerous supply chain units to derive business returns. In addition, businesses, with the help of ERP systems are able to support and enhance end-to-end business processes. These businesses have been found to support a nd coordinate business activities and track business-to-business (B2B) and business-customer (B2C) activities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of ERP Systems in Managing Global Businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the current global markets, manufacturers are continuously faced with challenges of dramatic reduction in sales margins alongside rising customer expectations. Being a business that seeks to have a successful supply chain system, it is arguable that global firms have the duty to embrace information visibility. The information needs of global firms are different from firms that invest in local and regional markets (Buckley Casson, 2009). ERP systems have been viewed as necessary ingredients in scheduling customer needs and delivering goods and services in following modern business philosophies such as Just-in-time. The ability of these business units separated by a wide geog raphic divide to collect customer information, analyze and disseminate the information can be achieved though implementing progressive ERP systems (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2003). Integrated enterprise resource planning systems have the ability to help multinationals achieve effective and efficient production and delivery of goods and services. International businesses need to deploy systems that offer high visibility. ERP systems offer an incredible opportunity for global firms to have critical insight into globally competitive platform. ERP systems not only offer opportunities for business taking part in global operations beyond sheer management of operations. Savvy manufacturers and global units recognize the significance of integrated ERP systems in helping them realize their objectives and enable them create scenarios of effective response to the dynamics of global supply chain (Buckley Casson, 2009). ERP systems deliver seamless platforms that reorient such organizations to reduce their long-term IT costs. Global business units can achieve global visibility Achieving global visibility in a demand driven supply chain market is what many global firms are focused on. In an age of tight competition and cost management, it is essential that manufactures optimize their resources as they continue to offer their unique goods and services (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2003). Businesses need to identify and make use of their inventory and information capacities to derive profits and remain relevant in the market. As businesses engage other partners through supply chain systems and third party logistics, ERP systems are strategic business systems that provide solutions to problems of information sharing between global business, suppliers and customers. Understanding where resources are located, businesses have deployed several technologies to streamline their business operations (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2003). However, research shows that these technology platforms can rely on the rig ht ERP systems to meet the expectations of organizations and their customers. With integrated information systems, ERP systems also support relationships and alliances (Bergeron, Raymond Rivard, 2004). The capacity to collect and share large volumes of information between different business units via ERP systems has been cited as a core business factor of success.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The findings of the research conducted on the impact of ERP systems have supported previous studies that conceptualization and alignment of ERP systems capacities creates a ground for improved business performance. The findings of the study establish that each global firm has unique information needs and that ERP platforms have the capacity to support B2B relationships and the flow of information (Buckley Casson, 2009). Managing global performance Many firms have argued that ERP systems have provided actionable information to employees and partners of global business across the world to make viable decisions (Aberdeen, 2007). Through integrating data and providing global visibility, ERP systems can provide quick route toward reduced costs, advanced speed and transparency that aims to improve customer satisfaction. The bottom line is that modern ERP systems have evolved into operating platforms that continue to scale global competition (Bergeron, Raymond Rivard, 2004). ERP systems have become popular business trends among global business organizations that seek to achieve efficacious operations in an era of global business. According to Bergeron, Raymond Rivard (2004), 15 trillion US dollars worth of trade from goods and $3.7 trillion from services are exchanged across borders every day. Analysts suggest that these figures are bound to increase as many businesses continue to appreciate the need for seamless exchange (Aberdeen, 2007). The number of firms are getting into global business are definitely on the increase to take advantage of the opportunities available from global markets. Many reasons have been used to explain why businesses are rushing to employ ERP systems. Increased global demand for goods and services, reduced trade barriers and the need to form multinational alliances are some of the reasons firms are seeking to invest in global business. ERP helps to reduce the costs incurred by an organization in running global activities (Bouquet, Morris on Birkinshaw, 2009). Gone are the days when firms or businesses had to hire many professionals in order to perform technical works such as accounting and network administration. ERP system helps to synchronize all global units and departmental functions with the help of software alone (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2003). Conclusion A growing body of knowledge confirms that the growing competition demands businesses to develop business systems that will bolster their processes as they exploit new markets. In the effort to compete on the global platform, businesses conglomerate to form powerful business structures. However, these business units also need information systems as frontiers of global growth. Studies have shown that ERP systems help businesses to manage diversity. Through integrating data and providing global visibility, ERP systems can provide quick route toward reduced costs, advanced speed and transparency that aims to improve customer satisfaction. Additionally, businesses wit h the help of ERP systems are able to support and enhance end-to-end business processes. These businesses have been found to support and coordinate business activities and track business-to-business (B2B) and business-customer activities. ERP systems deliver seamless platforms that reorient such organizations to reduce their long-term IT costs. References Aberdeen. (2007). The role of ERP in globalization. Boston, Massachusetts: Aberdeen Group. Bartlett, C. A. Ghoshal, S. (2003). What is a global manager? Harvard Business Review, 81(8): 101-108. Beard, J. W., Sumner, M. (2004). Seeking strategic advantage in the post-net era: viewing ERP systems from the resource-based perspective. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 13(2): 129-150. Bergeron, F., Raymond, L. Rivard, S. (2004). Ideal patterns of strategic alignment and business performance. Information Management, 41(8): 1003-1020. Bouquet, C., Morrison, A. Birkinshaw, J. (2009). International attention and multination al enterprise performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(1): 108-131. Buckley, P. Casson, M. (2009). The internalisation theory of the multinational enterprise: A review of the progress of a research agenda after 30 years. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9): 1563-1580. This research paper on The Role of ERP Systems in Managing Global Businesses was written and submitted by user Abdullah H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Precede vs. Proceed

Precede vs. Proceed Precede vs. Proceed Precede vs. Proceed By Mark Nichol Lazy pronunciation can wreak havoc on the language as word pairs like precede and proceed become confused. These similar-looking and similar-sounding terms, however, though not antonyms, face in opposite directions. The origin of the former word is the Latin term praecedere (â€Å"go before†), while the latter stems from the Latin word procedere (â€Å"go forward, advance†). Interestingly, however, the prefixes share a sense: Pre- and pro- can both mean â€Å"before,† though pro- usually signals â€Å"in favor of.† Each word is part of a family of inflections and terms based on it: One writes, for example, that a rainstorm preceded snowfall later that night, or that the preceding chapter of a book is longer than the one that follows it. Precedent refers to a situation that serves as an exemplar for others that follow. It’s employed formally in law to refer to a rule or principle that serves as a reference for judgments in cases similar to those in which the rule or principle was first set forth. Informally, laypeople refer to â€Å"establishing a precedent† for anything from a habit to a protocol. Meanwhile, a precession is a â€Å"coming before.† (In physics and astronomy, this term refers to the alteration in the orientation of a rotating body’s axis.) Inflectional forms of proceed are used to state that someone proceeded to act in some way or do something that they had not been doing previously, or that they are proceeding to do so now. The plural of the latter form is also a noun referring to the published minutes or records of an organization’s meeting. Procedure, taken directly from French and referring to a sequence for accomplishing a task, is also based on proceed. Procedural can be applied as an adjective (while procedurally is an adverb), and it stands on its own (or modified as â€Å"police procedural†) as a noun referring to genre fiction that realistically portrays how an investigation or a similar process is conducted. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Round vs. AroundPrepositions to Die With

7 Reasons to Publish a Blog

7 Reasons to Publish a Blog 7 Reasons to Publish a Blog 7 Reasons to Publish a Blog By Mark Nichol You still don’t have a blog? Below, check out seven arguments for writers joining the blogosphere. Weblogs, universally referred to as blogs, are websites formatted as journals, with posts, or individual entries, that can be accessed in reverse chronological order. (Usually, a few of the most recent posts are visible on the home page, and site visitors can click through to pages featuring previous posts or to an archive page.) They range widely in tone from silly to sober and in topic from adorable cats to international politics and everything in between but perhaps it hasn’t occurred to you how valuable they can be for your writing or editing business or for the company you work for. If you don’t already have a blog, or your current one is about your personal life or a topic unrelated to your profession, consider creating one that serves as an extension of your work. Post news, information, and analysis about pertinent topics, trends, products, or events. Content can take the form of news briefs, essays, reports, white papers, reviews, interviews, polls, surveys, and FAQs (a list of actual or prospective frequently asked questions about a topic), among other forms. Supplement written posts with photographs, graphics, video, and audio. Provide links to related websites and other blogs, and ask webmasters and bloggers to do the same for your blog. Whenever you quote from or refer to an online article or other document, link to it. Here are the seven reasons you should create your own professional or interest-based blog: Your blog is an online advertisement for your writing or editing services, or for documents or publications you write or your company produces. Your blog is an extension of your rà ©sumà © that allows you to present content about your professional experience, as well as writing samples, in one convenient location. Your blog will convey your personality, allowing prospective collaborators, clients, and employers to gain a good first impression of you. Your blog enables you to network with other writers and editors or other people in your industry or sphere of interest. Your blog demonstrates to prospective associates that you are passionate and knowledgeable about the subject area you blog about. Your blog establishes you as an expert (or someone with interest if not expertise) and as someone who engages in extra effort to acquire and share knowledge and information about a profession or area of interest. Your blog provides you with a forum for developing your communication skills not just writing but also video and audio, as well as interactivity such as networking, commenting on other websites and blogs, and responding to comments on your blog. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesThat vs. WhichCaptain vs. Master

The russian economy from the fall of communism (1991) to joing the wto Essay

The russian economy from the fall of communism (1991) to joing the wto (2012) - Essay Example f government keeping in mind the end goal to stay in force or increase control by offering enormous financial changes to conciliate the masses or to keep most essential parts of society prosperous and substance (Barnett and Vincent, 2005)3. Despite the fact that students of history would contend that in large portions of these cases, it is just as simple to contend, if not all the more thus, that at the heart of each issue that brought about or could result in transformation were basic monetary intentions, either for the regular man or the decision tip top. In 1991 the Democratic Party and its pioneer, Boris Yeltsin, was left in control of Russia in the wake of superseding the socialist party4. The democrats had a noteworthy issue staring them in the face: keeping in mind the end goal was to dispose of socialism, they would need to do a lot of harm to everything socialism had managed in the nation. This incorporated Russias economy and political structure. The democrats had not anticipated that would come into force as all of a sudden as they had, and thus President Yeltsin had no acceptable arrangements in regards to the move that must be made5. At the point when little was carried out in the first month of Yeltsins tenet to enhance the emergency confronting the country, the Russian individuals started to get agitated as they acknowledged how serious an impact the evacuation of socialism would have on both the economy and their regular life. Yeltsin was the leader of Russia in the early 1990s. His role was to unite all the democrats and groups in order to create an environment for the Russian economy. Yeltsin chose to work with democrats only, which did not help Russia’s economy. In 1991, Yeltsin together with his guides, including Yegor Gaydar who was an economist, created a system of radical monetary changes. The Russian government and the Supreme Soviet additionally stretched out pronouncement forces to the president requesting for a one-year time for the

Bankruptcy of Businesses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Bankruptcy of Businesses - Research Paper Example In such cases, when businesses run out of cash and are unable to cope with their debts and costs, they may be declared bankrupt or may declare bankruptcy themselves (White, 2011). This is a very crucial time for a business and is a state of emergency for their debtors as they may be unable to recover most of their debts. Such situations ruin a business’s reputation, their chances of gaining future credit, and their chances at being able to survive in the market. However, bankruptcy is an ever-increasing phenomenon for most new businesses and many older businesses as well (White, 2011). There may be several reasons for a firm to go bankrupt, which include overspending, high advantage on loans, losses in business, mismanagement, and sudden economic disasters, which may completely change a business’s circumstances. Hence, when debtors provide businesses with loans they usually make a point to see whether the business is highly leveraged and how much earning potential the b usiness has before they grant the loan (White, 2011). Accordingly, when a business declares bankruptcy, several legal issues involved must be settled before a business can go into proper liquidation. The proper legal definition of bankruptcy and the legal implications that businesses must face before/ during their bankruptcy stage will be discussed in detail. The psychology of the management of businesses that are going through the stages of bankruptcy will be explained within the paper and the history of bankruptcy of businesses and the situations that prevailed will be discussed. The paper will continue to discuss the possible causes of bankruptcy, how they affect the businesses in question, and the way such situations can be prevented. The paper will conclude with an analysis of the future prospects of businesses that suffer from such circumstances and provide possible means of improving the situation (Vinten, 2002). BANKRUPTCY The legal and appropriate definition of bankruptcy i n the case of businesses or corporations is when a business is unable to repay its outstanding debts and thus files a petition in order to reduce the amount owed or remunerate its creditors by paying off a portion of their debts and putting their business into a state of liquidation (Vinten, 2002). The common proceedings for filing bankruptcy usually begin with the filing of a petition by the debtor in which the business shows its financial position and proves that it does not have enough cash nor sources of finance to repay its creditors. In this situation, the businesses assets are usually evaluated to determine their saleable value and then their assets are liquefied in order to be sold or auctioned. The money obtained from this sell-off is then given to the creditors in return for the debt that the debtor owes them as a full settlement of the debt. The amount paid to the creditor may be less than what the creditor has paid to the business initially. However, the creditor will ha ve to settle for a portion of the debt owed to them in the situation of bankruptcy as the business has officially shown that they do not have the ability to

Analyzing Bertrand Russell Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Bertrand Russell Essay I believe what Russell was stating was that we not only need to nourish our bodies, we also need to tend to our minds as well. We must be careful not to sink into monotony, because when we do we tend to fall back to the base instincts of operating on routine rather than using our minds. When this happens we risk starving ourselves intellectually. The whole basis of philosophy is that there is no right answer, philosophers debate and never come to any real conclusion. Basically the foundation of philosophy is the opinion of one or many, and when an answer has been validated, it shifts from opinion into fact. Once it becomes a fact, it falls into the science of facts vs falsehoods. One example would be the original thought of the sun revolving around the earth, at the time that was a Fact. After much research it became disputed and opinionated. Now, everyone knows for a fact that the Earth is revolving around the sun instead of vice-versa Is there a God? This question will remain insoluble because science cannot prove or disprove the existence of a higher power. Is there intelligent life in out there? This chance of this question being answered is relatively higher than the previous. But currently it is insoluble due to a lack of interest in that field. Is there an afterlife? This will be insoluble because it is impossible to discern due to it being impossible without experiencing it first-hand. What is the meaning of life? This question (for some reason) is on many peoples minds, but to most it will remain a mystery. When is the end? This day and age seems to be riddled with people who are doomsayers, who think they can see the apocalypse approaching. But in truth, no one knows how it will end, its all speculation. To me it sounds like Russell is attempting to explain that the journey through life tends to wear on most people, until they just shuffle from one day to the next, from â€Å"cradle to grave†. They ask no questions, have no wonderment at lifes mysteries, and are content to take things at â€Å"face value†. For those of us who look at life and question what they experience or see, it leads to discussions with others, which sometimes leads to conclusions. The apple falling on Newtons head (be it a metaphorical or a literal) led to the question of gravity and how it effects objects. Despite this question leading into a purely scientific/mathematical field, I still believe it was a philosophic question, as I am sure Newton discussed his ideas with his colleagues. This being said, I believe Aristotle said â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living. † because to accept things that you see without question leads you down a very simplistic path with no knowledge gained, whereas a life full of questions and curiosities can open up doors, not just in an individuals life but in the lives of all mankind. It is this difference that makes a life worth living. In my opinion, Russell believed that a life boxed in by religious or political restraints on free thinkers stifles not only the individual, but humanity as a whole. The questions we pose to ourselves and others have potentially world changing effects, whether they be for good or bad. Comparing Bertrand Russell to Perictione is the common comparison of yin and yang. Bertrand seems like he wants the questions encountered through life to remain insoluble while Perictione speaks as if he wants to break down everything to its basic components and discover the truth in how they operate. The reason why I am studying philosophy is truly to cure me of my narcissism, things are very black and white to me and it is hard to see any shades of gray between the two. To me there is right and wrong, facts and fallacies, despite the fact that life and all things contained therein are rarely so simple. If I can break myself of this pattern of feeling like my opinion is superior to others then I feel like I can grow intellectually.

Comparing Gertrude and Ophelia of Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- compar

A Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet features two female characters in main roles, Ophelia and Gertrude. They are similar in a surprising number of ways. This essay proposes to elucidate the reader on their likeness or similarity.    It is quite obvious that both Gertrude and Ophelia are both motivated by love and a desire for quiet familial harmony among the members of their society in Elsinore. Out of love for her son does Gertrude advise:    Dear Hamlet, cast thy nighted color off, And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. Do not for ever with thy vailed lids Seek for thy noble father in the dust. (1.2)    Likewise does she ask that the prince remain with the family: â€Å"Let not thy mother lose her prayers, Hamlet, / I pray thee stay with us, go not to Wittenberg.† Later, when the hero’s supposed â€Å"madness† is the big concern, Gertrude lovingly sides with her husband in the analysis of her son’s condition: â€Å"I doubt it is no other but the main, / His father’s death and our o’erhasty marriage.† She confides her family-supporting thoughts to Ophelia: â€Å"And for your part, Ophelia, I do wish / That your good beauties be the happy cause / Of Hamlet’s wildness,† thereby attempting to keep a loving relationship with the young lady of the court, even though the latter is of a lower social stratum. When Claudius requests of Gertrude, â€Å"Sweet Gertrude, leave us too; / For we have closely sent for Hamlet hither,† Gertrude responds submissively, â€Å"I shall obey you.†    Familial love is first among Gertrude’s priorities. When, at the presentation of The Mousetrap, she makes a request of her son, â€Å"Come hither, my dear Hamlet, sit by me,† and he... ...ossary of Literary Terms. 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.    Boklund, Gunnar. â€Å"Hamlet.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Burton, Philip. â€Å"Hamlet.† The Sole Voice. New York: The Dial Press, 1970. N. pag. http://www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/burton-hamlet.htm    Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Lectures and Notes on Shakspere and Other English Poets. London : George Bell and Sons, 1904. p. 342-368. http://ds.dial.pipex.com/thomas_larque/ham1-col.htm    Kermode, Frank. â€Å"Hamlet.† The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.      

Notes on Jaws Essay

Characters in the film Chrissie, the first victim is different to everyone else because she almost deserved the attack because it was her own fault. She was drunk at a party and about to have sex with a random guy who she didn’t even know the name of. The boyd was ringing which indicated the fact that there was something in the water- evidently a shark. Subsequently, because she was drunk she could not hear this and the boy was to focused on running over to Chrissie that he was also oblivious to the important indication. Alex is a young boy with an older mother who says ‘just 10 more minutes’ for him staying in the water, if she had not said that and not let him go, he would still be alive. Contrasting two extremes, a large, meaty lady walked past Alex on the opening scene; straight away it strikes you how skinny Alex looks. Speilberg has done this so you think ‘Why was Alex eaten?’ when there were better people the shark could of picked. Another contrast demonstrated by Speilberg was that Alex’s mother was shouting ‘Alex, Alex, Alex’. She knew who her son was, very well, yet the first attack the boy who was the only one who could have potentially saved the victim had to ask for her name. This illustrates how different the two attacks were. False/Fake alerts Screaming makes you alert and suddenly aware of what is happening. Another technique Speilberg uses to catch your attention. There are a few fake attacks/alerts which have been proposed in the film of ‘Jaws’. Firstly, just before the first attack a girl in messing around in the water; initially we think it has something to do with the shark and so does chief Brody. Yet we are wrong, by using this technique is builds the audience’s expectations and then confounding what we expect with the reality. By doing so this makes us more aware that something is about to happen and makes us more excited for the real attack that is soon going to creep up on us. Another example of a false alarm is the ‘Sunday lunch attack’, when the two men are attempting to catch the shark. The strong shark pulls a tyre which is connected to the jetty (the trap) and it breaks the jetty causing the two men to fall in. Although, one of the men is dragged across towards the shark, in shock and realization he scrambles away towards land. Luckily, he gets out of the water just in time. But, we- the audience- believe that he is going to die because there is the shark music playing.

Must be 540 words

Why are you seeking a career in osteopathic medicine, and why do you believe CCOM would provide you with the type of osteopathic medical education you are seeking? Witnessing and experience are two good things that influenced me to create my very personal vision mission statement. My parents were both physicians and I have observed the kind of critical service they gave to their respective patients. The essence of selfless giving to help humanity created in me the desire to help others. This compassion for people suffering from different illnesses thus became my passion. I was exposed to osteopathic medicine when I was still a student in Loyola University of Chicago. Osteopathic manipulative medicine triggered the interest and self awareness in me. This is the lack in medicine intervention to emphases on prevention by achieving wellness focus on health education, injury prevention and disease prevention. I see the need to acquire skills and knowledge on developing a system on medical care that promotes the body’s immune system or innate ability to heal self. Discerning differences between allopathic and osteopathic medical practice through actual observations, I’ve found that the approach of osteopathic medicine and its manner of treatment is friendlier where many patients finds it comforting to seek medical advise. The consultation was most helpful and informative to challenge behavior change in unhealthy lifestyle. The combination of intervention and prevention is but perfect channels to improving health and patient’s lifestyles! I firmly believe Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine has the edge to offer the most comprehensive education and training in the world of Osteopathic medicine being referred outstandingly by friends and colleagues alike. Amazing how an Osteopath’s highly developed sense of touch allows the human body to palpate even those that fail to appear on x-ray which I see is a potential to reduce radiation contamination. There is some kind of shared responsibility and shared effort which looks like a buildup of teamwork that is most commendable between the patient and the administering physician. This fits well with my outgoing personality and interest in health problems resolution without drugs or surgery applications which I believe is one of the philosophies of OMM. I am a few steps near to my dream.   I want to utilize the knowledge and training obtained from this study program to help people locally and globally who are in dire search for the cure or maybe nearest to the cure on individual ailments. A good informative interactive website will do after I finished the course. I am into helping financially disabled patients get all the resources they can get to help them manage their illnesses and their bodies. A non-profit lung cancer institute will be the finale of that dream. This satiates passion and let me perform duties helping people live. Given this chance to prove my sincerity to serve people reduce stress and worries brought about by their illnesses and afflictions, I seek approval for admission to study Osteopathic Medicine in Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine. I may be a few steps towards fulfillment but it can never be what I want it to be at this moment when I’m still here soliciting for your agreement to help people and   waiting for your signatures to signify approval of this application. I humbly ask understanding that the next step of that dream to serve humanity starts with you. Thank you so much for your time.            

Power of Ambition in Macbeth Essay Example

Power of Ambition in Macbeth Essay Example Power of Ambition in Macbeth Paper Power of Ambition in Macbeth Paper Essay Topic: We Real Cool The Power of Macbeth Ambitio Essay The Power of Macbeth Ambition is often the driving force in one’s life. It is supposed to be the motivating factor that drives one towards success. Society also deems ambition a necessary quality of their leader. It can be said that Macbeth exhibits this quality. He is the strong, valiant warrior who has won in battle and brought victory to Scotland. However, Macbeth’s quest to acquire more power his ambition ultimately leads to his downfall. How can one allow himself to be destroyed by such a thing? Before Duncan’s murder, Macbeth questions and second guesses his ambitious tendencies and actions. Despite his anxiety, he succumbs to these tendencies and finds himself in more trouble than he anticipated. His guilty conscience haunts him and his unforgiving deeds come back to trouble him. Macbeths’ actions are clearly motivated by his overpowering ambition and his unquenchable thirst for power; at the beginning of the play his ambition is channelled into positive deeds, but ultimately it results in his tragic demise. There is no doubt that Macbeth is a noble man. He risked everything he had to protect Scotland from Norway, and single-handedly took down the treacherous Thane of Cawdor: â€Å"Till that Bellona’s bridegroom, lapped in proof, / Confronted him with self-comparisons, / Point against point, rebellious arm ‘gainst arm, / Curbing his lavish spirit: and, to conclude, / The victory fell on us† (I, ii, ll 61-65). Macbeth is seen as a brave and noble man by all of his peers, and even King Duncan himself. At the beginning of the play, Macbeths’ ambition was for a greater good because he was fighting for his King and country, not his own well-fare. This is why Duncan proclaims, â€Å"What he hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won† (I, ii, l 67). By this, he is referring to the fact that he named Macbeth to be Thane of Cawdor because of his astonishing bravery in battle and unfailing loyalty. One would think that after such an accomplishment and position of high standing that Macbeth would be satisfied. This, however, is not the case. Macbeth’s ambition does not just drive him to do great things, it in fact controls him: â€Å"I have no spur / To prick the sides of my intent, but only / Vaulting ambition, which overleaps itself / And falls on the other† (I, vii, ll 25-28). It is obvious that Macbeth has ambition, as most people who are in power do. In fact, ambition is often a necessary quality of people in such high standing as Macbeth. However, he also clearly realizes that his ambition is too great and it is about to make him do something that he knows is wrong. It is against for which everything he has supposedly stood, yet he also knows there is nothing he can do to stop it. Macbeth does, however, try to refrain from murdering Duncan; he second guesses his intent to go through with the crime before committing it: â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business. He hath honoured me of late, and I have bought / Golden opinions from all sorts of people† (I, vii, ll 33-35). He realizes that maybe he is just better off in the position he is in right now. Maybe he should wait and acquire his higher standing in a noble way or he might not have to do anything and fate will grant him the throne without his interference. However, Lady Macbeth goads him into committing the murder anyway by questioning his manhood: â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man, / And, to be more than what you were, you would / Be so much more the man. Nor time nor place / Did then adhere, and yet you would make both. / They have made themselves, and that their fitness now / Does unmake you† (I, vii, ll 54-59). After the murder, one can see a clear shift in Macbeth. To drown his shameful acts of unforgivable treachery, Macbeth takes the path of dishonesty and fabricated deception. It is as if his killing of one man opened the flood gates for a litany of other murders he felt he needed to commit; his ordering the murders of Banquo and his son Fleance, who were once dear to him, and those of Lady Macduff and her son. It is as if his ambition is blinding him of his wrong-doings. One can look at Macbeth’s actions after his murder of Duncan and see that he is clearly headed on a path leading to tragedy, originated from one source: his ambition. Furthermore, it is fair to say that Macbeth’s actions in the latter parts of the play stem from a sort of madness that has consumed him. It is a madness that has grown from guilt over killing Duncan, to paranoia of getting caught, and most importantly, a constant need to protect what he has wrongfully acquired: the throne. Macbeth’s actions are a result of his ambition to gain power and then maintain it by doing whatever he deems necessary. His actions are unmistakably driven by the fact that he wants to keep his place on the throne at any cost and eliminate all threats to him: â€Å"To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done! / The castle of Macduff I will surprise, / Seize upon Fife, give to the edge of the sword / His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls / That trace him in his line. No boasting like a fool! / This deed I’ll do before this purpose cool† (IV, i, ll 165-170). Instead of being remorseful over his actions, he is much more worried that he himself will be retaliated against because of his dishonest deeds. This is obviously not the thought process of a noble mind, which clearly indicates that due to his consuming ambition Macbeth has lost, to some extent, his sanity. Thus, through his actions alone, one can evidently see that Macbeth is headed on a path towards disaster; a path started, and forcefully driven, by his ambition. His ambition drives him to kill Duncan so that he can acquire the throne. His ambition then drives him to order the murders of Banquo and Fleance, and also those of the innocent Lady Macduff and her son, so that he may remove any threats towards him. Through that process alone, one could say that Macbeth’s ambition is his downfall because these are the events that lead to his alienation from the rest of humanity. However, even more disastrous than the external consequences of his ambition are his internal consequences. Macbeth’s ambition is constantly putting him in a struggle between right and wrong. He finally loses this battle, and succumbs to the evil side of his ambition. Being the successful, proud, and noble warrior that he is, maybe this loss of what is good inside of him is truly the root of Macbeth’s insanity. One will never know, but it can be said that Macbeth’s ambition, whether through his actions or through his own internal aberration, did ultimately lead to his demise.

How To Write An Article Review Essay, Detailed Instructions

How To Write An Article Review Essay, Detailed Instructions What is an article review An article review is a process of critically evaluating literature within a specific field, it  entails summarizing, classifying and conducting comparison among different research findings. Article review involves searching for scientific articles among databases to retrieve relevant research findings presented by different authors. The purpose of review is to give both students and scholars the opportunity to evaluate the work of other experts in a specific field.   Using the article review process, experts offer critical opinions about other expert research work. Processes involved in Article Review Article review involves presenting your analysis of a subject based on an article finding to people who are conversant with a specific area of knowledge. It demands professional writing with high standards and an in-depth presentation of our opinion. Important points to consider before starting to review an article includes understanding that an article review does not require new information, but requires our response based on another authors work. Article review requires a critical evaluation and comparisons using theories, ideas and research findings that are related to the subject at hand. A good article review should have well-organized ideas that build ideas and present its arguments consistently. Reading and reviewing Before starting the review process, it is important to read the selected article to have a better understanding of the article content. It is advisable to read and re-read the article to identify some of the common themes described in the article. After reading the article, it is important to pinpoint the key points presented by the author,   this critical step will help identify the main article points of argument that helps in building up logical arguments while critiquing the article. Preparing an Outline An outline is a key when writing a  perfect paper, it  makes the writing easy when presenting articles arguments. Writing an outline involves choosing the specific statement that presents the main purpose of the review, known as the thesis. A thesis statement states the main ideas and helps control their flow. Thesis statements are a reflection of our judgment or opinion which can be generated from reading or personal experiences. Developing a thesis statement entails presenting the intention expressed by the author and presenting if the authors intention were realized. Coming up with an outline requires the writer to read the article and note down important facts and any other contributions made by other relevant research findings. A good outline needs to identify knowledge gaps and any contradictions.   An outline should also entail some of the shortcoming and strengths of the identified articles and finally summarizing the paper based on concrete knowledge. Writing a review Introduction The first part is the introduction, the introduction begins with mentioning the name of the article. For example, the article titled New evidence on the treatment of ADHD by Lucian, Barnes-Holmes, and Barnes-Holmes discusses treatment and management of ADHD among children. The first paragraph should include a thesis statement. The other important points during introduction include writing how the article relates to other research findings on the specific topic. When writing an article review, the topic needs to be clearly stated, citing the identified article at the beginning of the paper, which is also important.   Presenting the topic at the beginning of the paper will communicate to the reader about the main purpose of the writing. The topic needs to be appealing and should highlight the most important points of the article to be reviewed. The topic should be declarative, evocative or probing. Citing the article will enable the reader to know the specific article in question, for example: Luciano, C., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D. (2002)? New evidence on the treatment of ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23 (6), 406-421. During an introduction, one shall explain the criteria the author used when analyzing and also comparing its findings, one will explain the organization for the review. The body of the review When writing a review, the body of the paper should begin with a topic sentence that states the main ideas of the paragraph.   Starting the paragraph with a topic sentence presents the reader with the idea early. The body of the paper should include data analyzed or quotations, or a set of comparison showing evidence. The body of the article should outline the arguments that support the thesis statement followed by a logic development of ideas noted when developing the outline. It is important to quote some facts presented by the author to illustrate the main article ideas. When reviewing an article, it is important to summarize the whole idea of the article, including what the author stated by noting relevant facts and other article findings. The next step is to critique the article by highlighting the articles strengths and weaknesses based on your opinion. It is also imperative to acknowledge the authors contribution in the specific field and also highlight the gaps and any contradictions found in the article.   Criticizing an article entails taking a standpoint to either support or not support the authors findings. All these should be backed up by fact and theories that apply to the topic. When choosing quotes from the article to support your argument, its important to select and discuss materials from the article to prove your point. Quotations help in developing an argument about the authors work using your words. Conclusion The concluding paragraph needs to summarize the views of the article and also restate the thesis statement. In this section, concluding means revisiting the main ideas of the article and highlighting our opinion of the article. The conclusion also presents the opportunity to give a way forward for further research. An effective conclusion needs to go beyond summary and appreciate the authors efforts and the significance of the article. Conclusion helps the readers to realize how you developed an argument or if the paper answered the question.   The conclusion should be developed from a readers perspective. At the end of the paper, the reader needs to gain new insight from the paper about the topic of discussion. Reviewing the draft After completing the first draft of the review, its important to revise the written paper to check for spelling and grammar. Proofreading needs to delete unnecessary and repetitive phrases or words and also add any missing information before submitting the final work.   Proofreading needs to check for errors in quotations or in references, logic development and also check if the paper has a solid support for the thesis statement. During the review, major changes of the content are allowed before submitting the final work.

Financial crisis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial crisis - Term Paper Example In such a situation, the entity would face liquidity problems, have cash flow problems, and see the net worth decreasing. If it happens to a market or a bank, then there would be panic selling that further brings the prices of stocks down. There would be a run on the banks with a large number of people attempting to withdraw cash. Assets would lose their valuation. Depending on the severity of the crisis, the market would recover in a few days or the ill effects would persist for a few years. A financial crisis is followed by recession and a general slowdown of the market. Financial crisis can even happen to individuals and businesses and such entities cannot pay their bills, they cannot pay their employees and their business would be repossessed. Recession is said to follow financial crisis and when the GDP becomes negative for two quarters, then the nation is said to be in recession (World Bank, 28 June 2012). This paper examines the subject of financial crisis and discuses various types, causes and method of preventing such a crisis. 2) Types of Financial Crisis Financial crisis usually results in a notional and ‘on paper’ wealth of a firm. If the firm has retained its assets and other infrastructure then after the crisis is over, it can regain its previous position in the market. Financial crises usually occur in a free and liberal market economy that is not subject to protection and where market forces are free to act on the economy. As an example, UK, USA and many other nations have a free and open economy hence financial crisis occur in these markets. However, in the former Soviet Russia, nation such as North Korea and even China where the market is regulated, market forces are not allowed to act freely. Types of financial crisis are broadly classified as international and domestic crisis (Cipriani and Guarino, 2008). These again have sub types and these are discussed as below. A) International Financial Crisis International financial crisis occur at two levels and mechanisms. One is where turmoil in the global stock markets causes a global market crash that precipitates a financial crisis. Another type is the currency crisis that can lead to sovereign default. These terms are explained as below. 1) Global Crisis Global crises can begin in one corner of the world and then if the causes and money involved is high, the crisis can spread to other stock exchanges and nations quickly. One of the reasons is due to the inter connectedness of the stock markets and financial markets across the world. Hence, if the London Stock Market Index crashes and it cannot recover, it will cause the Japan Nikkei index and the US based Dow and NYSE index also to crash. This can create a financial crisis when there is no liquidity in the market and funds, loans, cash is not available. As a result, banks cannot clear the payments, customers and depositors cannot withdraw crash and business also cannot pay their vendors and employees. When thi s cash shortage is long lasting and it affects all the nations, then it becomes a global crisis (Banerjee, 2008). 2) Currencies One of the worst forms of financial crisis is the currency crisis and sovereign default. When a nation that has a fixed exchange rate faces a speculative attack on its currency, then it is forced to devalue the currency. This devaluation is done when the currency appreciates excessively against the global reserve currency, the USD.

Financial Accouting Theory coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Accouting Theory coursework - Essay Example permits the accounting treat of investments in joint ventures in either of two methods, namely, the proportionate consolidation method or the equity method. It is matter of great controversy and discussion as which method is most suitable for venturer to recognize its joint venture interest in its financial statements. An effort has been made in this write up to suggest the most suitable method of accounting for the venturer. For applying proportionate consolidation method the consolidated financial statements of jointly controlled entity are used. The consolidated balance sheet of the venturer includes its share of assets that it controls jointly as well its share of liabilities for which it is jointly responsible. Similarly, the profit and loss account of the venturer includes its shares of income and expenses of the jointly controlled entity. First, Share in each asset, liability, income, and expenses of the venturer into the joint venture statements may be shown as separate line item under the asset, liability, income, and expenditure of similar nomenclature in the consolidated financial statements of the venturer, or the second, where the venturer may combine its share in each asset, liability, income, and expenditure into joint venture financial statement with asset, liability, income, and expenditure of similar nomenclature in the consolidated statements of venturer. Under equity method initially the investment into the joint venture is recoded at cost. The venturer will recognize its share of joint venture income as an increase in investment and a corresponding increase in the net income. Share of income or part of investments actually withdrawn or taken from joint venture business is not shown as income by the venturer in its statements. Instead those are reported as reduction in the joint venture investment account. Market values of the investments into the joint venture are not considered. The transactions are recorded at cost only. When an

Feminine and Ethics of Care and Virtue Ethics Assignment

Feminine and Ethics of Care and Virtue Ethics - Assignment Example One of the main differences between ethics of care and virtue ethics is that they have a distinct assumption on what makes a right from an individual. This implies that their judgment of the moral character varies.   Virtue ethics theories assume that the roles of character and virtue in moral philosophy is important than doing one's duty to bring a positive impact.   These theorists also believe in virtues such as courage, self-control, generosity, honesty that keeps them going and overcoming daily challenges. On the other hand, ethics of care theorists are concerned with what makes an action right or wrong they do not only apply just and autonomy . They emphasize the importance of response as opposed to what is just argued by other theories.There are many advantages of determining and selecting moral action as virtue ethics provide. For example, the proponents of virtue ethics believe that a virtuous person has the ideal character traits that they apply in every situation and d rive their natural internal tendencies ones they are nurtured. It is because of this that people, families care for their loved ones by socializing them to the expectation of the society. Similarly, those who select virtue ethics have a good reasoning and have good plans. They also apply their common sense intuition that others admire o they apply them. Moreover, they do not only apply just and autonomy but to encompass traits that may include caring and nurturing others to walk the path that leads to prosperity.

The Changing Nature Of Public Diplomacy Media Essay

The Changing Nature Of Public Diplomacy Media Essay In this study I will attempt to respond to several questions. The first: Is Public Diplomacy is the right tool to change world opinion toward Iraq. If the finding that it will be possible which will lead to the second question which: What the ideal action plan for Iraq Public diplomacy? The third question will be: How can government policy makers apply this strategic tool? Certainly, the initial stages of this process will be complex. The objective of this paper to be presented on later stage as policy proposal for the Iraqi government. The study begins by exploring the concept of PD and why Iraq should consider establishing PD in the foreign ministry, and its impact on Iraq foreign policy. It then and introduces the diverse methods of national reputation building. In doing so, this dissertation suggests to consider a way of understanding international relations, which is foundation of national image building through public diplomacy. Finally, based on the findings of a pilot study and online survey focusing on the national image of Iraq, this study proposes establishing a PD department (PDD) within the foreign ministry and suggestion on how to deploy public with a case study Introduction Motivation Although reputation management has historically been restricted to companies or other organisational entities, countries are also increasingly concerned with their reputation relative to other countries and have started to actively measure and manage that reputation. For an entity to achieve a certain desired reputation outcome, it has to manage as much of its exposure to various target groups. That would mean, for example, steering media coverage by closely supervising what information is made public. Iraqs reputation abroad has dramatically deteriorated. Iraq is the only nation in the Arab world whose new-formed democratic system is constantly being challenged, and constantly been projected as country with no national identity, Iraqi leaders are often compared to Saddam and Iraqi actions against the terrorist and insurgent are often described as politically motivated policies. Conditions in Iraq are often compared with those that existed in Vietnam. Why national reputation matters? National reputation is unquestionably an instrument of power. Managing national reputation and nation-states relationship with stakeholders overseas has been an integral part of foreign-policy making and public diplomacy, national reputation has a direct impact on international relations of a nation and its national policies, ranging from political, economic to cultural (Gilboa, 2006) Yet the Iraqi government has failed to prevent the deterioration of Iraqs image and reputation in the world. The main reason is the lack of awareness and understanding of the critical role PD plays in contemporary international relations. In the information age, national reputation has become a critical asset and soft power has become a major instrument of foreign policy  [1]  . Communication, education and persuasion are the principal techniques of foreign relations, not military force. Even the US, the sole superpower, is slowly learning this hard lesson in the Iraq war. National reputation is what peoples around the world think about a states conduct and behaviour. Therefore, a grand strategy in international conflict requires the integration and application of three fundamental components: force, diplomacy and communication. The last component, communication, may even be the decisive factor Purpose My interest in the area rose from an awareness that the level and volume of coverage on Iraq had grown enormously in the past eight years and as such, my awareness of the subject itself had grown too. After a period of widely reading about and studying PD and analysing Public diplomacy strategy in country like South Africa, Colombia, Denmark and Israel and how those countries where able to improve there image abroad, it was my belief that this area need to be explore for the benefit of new Iraq and that a by writing a dissertation I could carry out may contribute little or nothing to the sheer quantity and wealth of studies, debates and articles that already existed on these topics. By contrast, it was my understanding that Iraq reputation and the foreign audience perception on Iraq in the media was a relatively misrepresented and the area of PD hast been explored and researched by the Iraqi policy makers and as such, it was my belief that if I undertook an examination of the topic I could contribute something on how the national image can be restored. What is more, my growing interest about PD concept, coupled with a doubt bout how Iraq been presented on the media and abroad led me to question various things about why Iraq reputation and national image has been deteriorated abroad  [2]  and why the Iraqi government dont a strategy in restoring the national image. Is what is being reported fact or conjecture? How accurate is people perception on Iraq? The fact that Iraq has been for so much time in the news since the regime change has placed Iraq in the centre of the world map, a privilege most third-world countries will never have. After hitting headlines for years, people know very well what Iraq is and where it is, this pre-existing knowledge is a valuable asset, and as such an asset any PD campaign for Iraq should capitalise on. Are the news and image reported precise and helpful or misleading and distorting? Why does there appear to be more reporting on the effects of war on Iraq than the improvement since the regime change? Why are there so many reports about how hopeless Iraq is becoming and that Iraq cant survive without the support of the US? Objectives These questions, among some more specific ones which I will detail later, are some of the reasons that I began to be interested in the way how PD can help the Iraqi government in communicating with foreign publics in an attempt to bring the foreign public closer to home and educate them about the New Iraq, its nations ideas and ideals, its institutions and culture, as well as its national goals and current policies. My concern was about the level of information people gain from the news then I studied the news and its role as a system of information. As such, the focus of this study, examining how informative the print press was during my chosen sample and the themes that were of predominant focus of debate. The questions I would like to address are: How Iraq been reported and represented in the media; what were the media interests on Iraq? In exploring the core themes and topics in the sample I will be able to distinguish what the public perception and therefore what audiences and policy makers will understand of the messages in the press. By dealing with these questions I will be able to conclude why Iraq government should aggrievedly peruse on forming a PD department at the MFA and that strategy of PD that the department can take to deploy the PD policy and how can be benefited prior to hosting the gulf cup in 2013 Literature Study In this I will be iinvestigating the domain of literature currently available on the fields of Nation image and PD has shown to be rather problematic, with both disciplines being still vastly understudied. While the empirical section of this study deals exclusively with those concepts, there are a few surrounding disciplines which at least fall into the margins of the relevant field and thus should also be discussed Images of Nations One school of thought investigates a concept similar to country reputation, namely the images of nations, or countries. Perhaps the most exhaustive study conducted in this field is the book Images of nations and international public relations by Michael Kunczik written in 1990. Here, Kunczik discusses the idea that the world is a large and complex communication network (1990:17) in which the mass media cannot be treated in isolation. He points out that although practically anything can contribute to forming an image of another nation (Kunczik, 1990:18), there are ways for public relations to remove prejudices between peoples. In the old days one could win over an empire by marrying, today you can win over peoples by a leading article. But according to Kunczik, is because the mass media is continuously feeding people images of nations (1990:20). Another observation he makes (1990:21) is the large amount of money that is fed into international image cultivation. This, according to Kunczik, shows how important governments rate the kind of an image their country, government or policies project abroad. One of the first times the term national public relations was used explicitly was in 1978 when Herzog, Israels ambassador to the United Nations, commented that  ´from the point of view of national public relations the Israeli policy of settling the occupied territories won in wars with the Arabs had done more damage than anything else (Koschowitz 1984 as cited in Kunczik 1990:21). For purposes of this literature study, it is important also to point out the observation Kunczik makes about the then-current state of research in the area of image cultivation by states. According to him, the book published in 1965, International behaviour. A social-psychological analysis by Kelman still ranked the definitive study in that field when Kunczik wrote his work in 1990. After pointing out very few other publications dealing with Image cultivation of nations, Kunczik concludes that Fundamentallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the literature situation on the subject area addressed here is poor [because] public relations activities tend to be especially successful the less they are recognisable as such. Very often, therefore, scientifically non-serious sources have to be resorted to such as newspaper reports, personal statements etc. (Kunczik, 1990:24). Since this publication, Kunczik has done a number of studies following up on his idea of images of nations, focussing often on the international image of crisis countries. In his most recent study, Images of Nations and Transnational Public Relations of Governments with Special reference to the Kosovo, presented at a symposium in 2004, Kunczik points out in the introduction that the mass medias reality is not factual reality and very often does not correspond to real happenings. Mass media constructs a separate reality. That criteria used to construct this reality are the so called news values. But for the recipients, who have no primary access to most things reported on, this constructed world becomes factual reality. Even in this, Kuncziks latest study, he points out the relationship between news media and images of nations is not well researched. One study that could be particular relevant to the topic of this study was Is the Media Being Fair in Iraq? by The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  [i]   In this study it was found that the Iraq image was still suffering under coups and earthquakes style of coverage, and that histographic cultural perceptions continued to affect the trend of international news coverage of Iraq by the foreign press (which include Arabic Media). This study is not only served to provide raw data that to could help to understand how Iraq been portrayed abroad in both Arab and western world. But also to assess the degree to which typical tones of stories might reflect the political agendas of publisher, owners, editors and news anchors and other key media figures. While the above-mentioned study and those laying the ground-work of images of nations appear to provide a foundation to a dissertation on Will PD fix Iraq reputation can, it is of crucial importance to highlight that the theory to be followed is that of country reputation, not images of a country. While the two concepts of reputation and image are often confused as having the same meaning, they are in fact two distinguishable terms whose differences should be realised. Image versus Reputation Reputation, as opposed to image, is seen as a strategic concept developed around long-term impressions of an organisation built around a number of corporate images and actions (Fombrun Shanley, 1990). Already then, the idea crystallised that there was a difference between the two concepts: while images were regarded as having a stationary nature, reputations were seen as dynamic. In their recent book Reputation in Artificial Societies: Social Beliefs for Social Order, Conte and Paolucci develop the core of their reputation theory upon this difference between image and reputation. The authors point out that reputation cannot be seen as a static attribute, rigidly codified as footprints of social hierarchy. Reputation rather consists of dynamic properties because reputation attribution is a mental process that takes place within communication processes. According to the authors, image is conceived as a set of evaluative beliefs about a given target and reputation as the process and effect of transmission of the image. Image is seen as an evaluative belief and is said to be a static system, while reputation is a meta belief that carries no reference to the acceptance of established beliefs (Conte Paolucci, 2002). Public Relation The public relations practice also sees vast differences between Image and Reputation two misunderstood siblings that need better management (PR influences, 2003). While image on the one hand is built, costs money, is fast and opportunistic, reputation is earned, is an asset, is careful and industrious. In the words of Brown in A Sound Reputation, Reputationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is a dynamic, not static, quality; it changes as individual opinions change. And there are two drivers of opinion change direct experience and indirect experience (2005:1). Brown also points out that the most common form of indirect experience is media coverage, which is an important finding for this study (2003:1). In a paper titled Reputation and the Corporate Brand (Argenti Druckenmiller, 2004:369), image is defined as a reflection of an organisations identity and its corporate brand, or more specifically, the organisation as seen from one stakeholder groups point of view. Depending on which stakeholder is involved, an organisation can have many different images. Reputation, on the other hand, is defined in that study as the collective representation of multiple constituencies [stakeholder groups] images of a company, built up over time and based on a companys identity programmes, its performance and how constituencies have perceived its behaviour. In short, images are seen as multiple, stationary reflections of an organisations identity and its corporate brands while reputation is the dynamic, collective representation of the various images of a corporation as perceived by different stakeholders. While an image is a fixed set of beliefs about a corporation, reputation changes as individual opinions change. Considering the large body of literature that highlights the differences between image and reputation, it is indeed questionable if the studies that fall under images of nations are in fact relevant to a study on Iraq reputation. While image, as the above definitions point out, is indeed a part of reputation, it is not reputation per se. ` Most literature dealing explicitly with the concepts of country reputation measurement and management today, are derived from the school of corporate reputation measurement and management, however, I will be only discussing the country reputation which relevant to this study should next be discussed. Country Reputation Country Reputation Management Already in 1999, Olins compiled a pamphlet titled Trading Identities: Why Countries and Companies are becoming more alike. Here, Olins puts forward the idea: As countries develop their national brands to compete for investment, trade and tourism, mega-merged global companies are using nation-building techniques to achieve internal cohesion across cultures and are becoming ever more involved in providing public services like education and health (1999:1). Pharoah writes in Building and Managing Reputation for Countries that Countries are increasingly realising that reputation matters and if reputation matters, then reputation needs to be managed. According to Pharoah, the governments of today are Increasingly becoming the brand managers of their country (Pharoah, 2004:1). These findings lead to the idea that instruments used to manage and measure companies could be argued to apply to countries as well. Country Reputation Measurement Applying reputation measurement theories to countries was adopted on through a research survey which was conducted by The Media Tenor on behalf of the South African government, with the results being published in 2000. The studys mission  [ii]  was to establish a framework for South Africa to effectively manage its Public diplomacy and its vision to To further strengthen confidence in South Africas ability to host a successful FIFA 2010 World Cup In cooperation with International marketing council (IMC),  [iii]  developed a tool according to which South Africa reputation was measured and the findings used to devise a framework for the active management of South Africas reputation and perception prior to the world cup 2010. The tool applied was an adapted version of Media Tenor used to measure the media coverage for ogranisations and countries. The method is composed of opinion leading media, along this method, a Analysis of all texts in opinion leading media  then questionnaire was designed, using Media Tenor reputation, measuring foreign public perceptions of South Africa and its competitive set, the same questionnaire was used to determine the perception of South Africa residents. That allowed the researchers to identify the similarity between internal and external perceptions of the country, or, between identity and reputation. This allowed the team to make recommendations about South Africa future reputation management efforts. The results of the study assisted the IMC team with their communication plan on how to further strengthen confidence in South Africas ability to host a successful FIFA 2010 World Cup. This approach and the instrument developed could be used for the reputation measurement o f any country They did however, highlight that in order to validate this, further research and more comparable studies would be needed. According to the authors, that tool allows governments to gain insights into which aspects in the perception of the general public drive the overall reputation of their country and how can we improved, what are the tools that can implemented, one of the method that south Africa launched was their Brand South Africa program, which also was part of the PD strategy towards improving the foreign public perception. The core of the Brand South Africa is a three-step framework whereby the first step incorporates a diagnosis of the current state of the countrys reputation, the second designing a future state thereof and thirdly managing the PD strategy.