Monday, January 27, 2020

Design Factors Affecting Building Maintenance

Design Factors Affecting Building Maintenance The factors of design which will influence the levels of future maintenance of public buildings and works. 1.  Introduction Maintenance of public buildings is concern for the continuous development and preservation of the major infrastructure systems such as public and private-owned buildings within the county which includes janitorial services, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), plumbing, electrical, landscaping, and lawn care services. Public works, on the other hand, deals with safeguarding of sewer, solid waste, drainage and parks, etc. Both public buildings and works are grouped together and represented by the County Administrator. Their activities are inter-connected and require cross-departmental and pre-maintenance coordination. As the community grows constantly with time, the challenge facing the public buildings and works department at the County Council is to provide and maintain the above adequate infrastructure and facilities regularly. Assuring and completing maintenance to keep pace with concurrency requirements for a variety of works continues to be a huge problem for the County. The County has historically been unable to keep up with the need of society within its premises. Although the public works is still partially funded by the UK Government, the County’s Public Works Trust Fund (PWTF) loans remained at near high record levels. In this report, we will be discussing the design factors influencing the levels of maintenance of public buildings and works. 2.  Different levels of maintenance for public works at different zones The County has tried to maintain a uniform and consistent level of maintenance throughout, for example, the more important and prominent landscaped areas and parks around public and private-owned buildings. Under County Council regulations, it can only use funds collected from neighbourhood property owners and private agencies within a zone for costs associated directly and within that specified zone. In some zone areas, the evaluations allowed by law have not been sufficient to pay for basic maintenance costs, so essentially, some zones have been less funded for maintenance coverage. This is especially true when considering the costs necessary to replace dying plants and trees, replace or repair vandalized equipment or renovate older parks and irrigation systems [1] Decisions for funding in certain zones were based on mailed ballots while others were not in favour of paying for extra maintenance and repair covers. Therefore, in order to keep the maintenance budget balanced, cuts and reductions have been made in the frequency and type of maintenance being performed in each of the under-funded zones. Essentially, the maintenance levels (or standards) are different as a result of the variance in available funds. Property owners and agencies will continue to see a difference in the levels of maintenance being provided throughout the various zones in the County. The Council has developed priorities for services that most affect the community, particularly when budgets are tight. In those zones where funding is not sufficient to pay for all of the maintenance required, the County Council has set the following levels of maintenance: low, medium and high, based on maintenance priorities: (i) safety items considered first and primary, (ii) keeping parks safe, open and available to the public, (ii) responding to vandalism, (iii) keeping turf and plant materials in healthy condition and (iv) removing, but not replacing, dead and dying plant materials and (v) thinning and scaling back landscaping to lower maintenance requirements [2]. The County will also be making some enhancements to a number of median landscaped areas. The aim is to make a one-time improvement, such as the installation of low-maintenance ground covering. These efforts will eventually reduce future maintenance costs and help all zones to remain within their own budgets. 3.  Factors of design for public buildings: A Case-Study Approach Successfully designing, constructing and operating high-performance buildings requires the building owner and all members of the design team to set goals to minimize future levels of maintenance via minimization of energy consumption and environmental impact. The team should establish these goals as early as possible in the design process and maintain them through the building occupation. One method for achieving high-performance building goals is to follow the energy design process. This process begins in the pre-design phase and continues after the building is commissioned and occupied. Understanding which strategies are best suited for the building site and function, setting aggressive energy targets early and relying on advanced computer simulations to evaluate building design options are essential to the overall reliability process. The building envelope is designed first to minimize energy consumption. The mechanical, electrical and control systems are designed after optimizing the envelope design. Detailed specifications must accurately reflect the design intent. After construction, the building is commissioned, the owner and operators are instructed on the optimal operation of the building and building operation documents are provided for future maintenance reference. A case-study on an actual high-performance building demonstrates how to apply the design process to all public buildings of the future This building incorporates energy-efficient and renewable energy design features including day-lighting, passive heating and cooling and improved thermal envelope. All this energy saving considerations is being intentionally put in place to significantly reduce future maintenance needs and increase reliability of building functionalities [5] In a traditional design process, the architectural team determines the building form and articulation of the faà §ade, including orientation, colour, window area and window placement. This architectural design is then handed off to the engineering team, who designs the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, ensures compliance with applicable energy codes, and ensures acceptable levels of environmental comfort for building occupants. From an engineers point of view, energy dependability occurs by improving the design of the HVAC system. It is then the engineers goal to create an efficient system within the context of the building envelope that has been previously designed—the architectural decisions have been finalized and few changes can be made to the envelope design [4] For successful realization of low-energy buildings which are less susceptible to failures, an efficient design team must establish a cost-effective energy goal. Once a commitment to energy minimization has been made, the energy-design process can be used to guide the team towards good decision making and trade-off analysis without sacrificing the building’s programmatic requirements. The building must incorporate disaster resistant (e.g., able to function if no grid-power is available). The design should meet or exceed all the functional and comfort requirements of the building. Low-energy design does not imply that building occupants endure conditions that are considered unacceptable in traditional buildings. The design team develops a thorough understanding of the building site and building functional requirements. A qualitative evaluation of these issues early in the design process often leads to later solutions for minimizing potential building maintenance needs Many design strategies are applicable to most buildings however, each building is unique, and thus, will have unique reliability design solutions [9]. Simulation of a base-case model of the building is done to identify maintenance minimization opportunities via low energy consumption using an hourly building simulation computer tool. This computer model simulates annual loads and peak demands for heating, cooling, lighting, plug loads and for HVAC system fans and pumps to determine the energy-use profile and the likelihood of possible failures of the base-case building. The design team brainstorms possible solutions to dependability problems. At this stage, the emphasis is on solutions relating to building geometry. Simulations are performed on variants of the base-case building relating to the list of possible solutions. Issues that will have a profound influence on the architectural aspects of the building are quantitatively explored prior to the conceptual design phase. The energy impact of each variant is determined by comparison to the original base-case building and to the other variants. Computerized design tools bring all the architectural and engineering pieces together to predict how the building’s components will interact. In other words, day-lighting systems, thermal issues and building control strategies may be addressed by different building disciplines but successful integrated building performance can only be achieved by examining the interrelation between these components. The conceptual design is the most difficult part of the building design process. It is essential that the dependability features be integrated into the architecture of the building. The objective is to use the architectural and envelope features to minimize energy costs for heating, cooling, and lighting. Often, energy features that effect the visual impact of the building can also serve as the main architectural aesthetic features, thereby saving costs. If the addition of an energy feature substantially increases the building cost, it is evaluated with the cost-effectiveness criteria already established [6] After the architectural features impacting energy use have been determined, the computer model simulating the performance of the proposed building is updated to reflect those decisions. A set of simulations is then performed to guide decisions regarding the HVAC system and associated controls. These simulations are primarily to optimize annual dependability of building lighting functions and the occupant comfort. The simulations can also be used to help properly size the equipment. Low-energy buildings defy the industry norms used for equipment sizing. First cost savings in substantially downsized equipment can often be used to pay for improved envelope energy features. At this point, there will be some iteration or trade-off between mechanical system decisions and architectural features; however, it is best to optimize the architectural features first. Although the energy design process may increase the cost to design the building compared to the traditional design process, the incr eased design cost is often offset by reductions in errors and decreased mechanical system cost. Fewer errors occur because careful attention was paid throughout the design process and more effort is placed on checking and review. Also, small mechanical systems require less space in the building (requiring less building to be built), and therefore, lower capital costs. Once the simulation work has been completed, occasional simulations will need to be performed as needed in response to unanticipated circumstances. This might include the need to determine if a substitute component really meets the energy related specifications or review of a construction detail that must be modified because of a problem on the construction site. Scheduled plan reviews and site inspections are crucial to ensure that specified details omitted from the plans do not compromise the energy design. A clear communication path between the constructor, building operator and the design team will help ensure that components are installed properly [10] In many cases, once construction on a particular area is incorrectly completed, it cannot be reinstalled and the building owner is forced to live with the reliability performance consequences. The commissioning process includes testing all subsystems in the building to ensure that they operate as intended. For example, poorly calibrated economizer controls can bring in excess air or poorly calibrated daylight sensors may not turn off the lights, thus causing failure to the equipments. Occasional simulations will be required to help solve problems that emerge during this final phase and to respond to changes in building use that may occur once the building is occupied. The key is that the controls function with the design intent of the building. A good building quickly becomes a bad building with improper control strategies. In addition, it is important to educate the building owner, occupants and the maintenance staff to properly use the building systems as conceived by the design team. The building’s performance can only be optimized if the people running the systems understand how the systems interact. This would save cost of system errors leading to malfunctions and would eventually reduce the need for future building maintenance. 4.  Conclusion Good construction practices provide protection and minimum maintenance required for existing high-tech buildings and other features. Continued good appearance of these buildings depends upon the extent and quality of maintenance. The choice of materials and their use, together with the types of finishes and other protective measures should be conducive to easy maintenance and upkeep. An integrated design approach for private high performance buildings have been discussed from construction to commission. A low energy cost reduction was ideally established early and maintained throughout the design process. An integrated set of solutions for architectural design and energy efficiency was determined, including extensive day-lighting, natural ventilation, evaporative cooling and passive solar radiant heating. It is important to design a building that works with the environment in which it is located to minimize the need for maintenance in the long run. The building architecture was formed based on the programmatic and energy goals for the project. Tall vertical elements are naturally preferred to harmonize the building with the surrounding natural environment. The towers were also used to passively cool the building. An HVAC system was designed to work with the building. A PV system was installed to provide emergency power and supplemental power when utility power is available. The building construction and energy costs was significantly less and more reliable than a conventional one. This shows that sustainable buildings need not cost more with no level maintenance requirements REFERENCES [1] A. H. Molof, C. J. Turkstra (1984). Infrastructure, maintenance and repair of public works. New York Academy of Sciences. [2] A. P. Chrest (2001). Parking Structures: Planning, design, construction, maintenance and repair. Kluwer Academic Publishers. [3] Aia Pr (1993). Confronting the changes: New considerations in the design and management of public-sector facilities. [4] B. Chanter and P. Swallow (2000). Building Maintenance Management. Blackwell Science. [5] D. Hunns (1986). Human Factors in Reliability and the Psychology of Communications. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, pp 22-37. [6] E. D. Mills (1980). Building maintenance and preservation: a guide for design and management. Boston, Butterworths. [7] E. Teicholz (2001). Facility Design and Management Handbook. Mc-Graw Hill Companies. [8] M. Ruff (1998). Sewer, gas and electric: The Public Works trilogy. Grove/Atlantic Press [9] R. Lee and P. Wordsworth (2000). Lee’s Building Maintenance Management. Blackwell Publishers. [10] S. B. Birch, Jr, Craftsman Book Co, R. Price and L. Nicholson (2001). Public Works Inspector Manual. Building News.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

John Donnes Loves Alchemy Essay -- John Donne Poetry Poems Analysis

John Donne's Love's Alchemy In 'Love's Alchemy,'; John Donne sets up an analogy between the Platonists, who try, endlessly, to discover spiritual love, and the alchemists, who in Donne’s time, tried to extract gold from baser metals. This analogy allows Donne to express his beliefs that such spiritual love does not exist and those who are searching for it are only wasting their time. Donne cleverly uses language that both allows the reader to see the connections between the alchemists and the Platonists and that allows for a more sexual interpretation of the piece. The poem opens with two lines that lay the groundwork for the analogy and that have a sexual implication. The word â€Å"digged'; and the image of â€Å"love’s mine';, obviously allow for the comparison between the Platonist’s and the alchemists. Donne explains that some have experienced more love than he has, and, in having done so, have penetrated â€Å"deeper'; into â€Å"love’s hidden mystery,'; that is, they have reached a point beyond sensual love where they have found it’s true â€Å"centric'; or essential happiness. This would be analogous to alchemists, who, after many attempts, have been able to extract gold from other metals. Due to the diction that Donne uses and the manner in which he expresses himself in these two lines, it is possible to extract their sexual meaning that serves to ridicule the claims and means of the Platonists as well as the alchemists. The words â€Å"digged love’s mine'; can be interpreted as...

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Apple’s Competitive Strategies and Government Policies Essay

The Apple IPhone Company has created quite a name for itself through the creation and sales of the phone that is leading in innovation, technology, and consumer popularity. With many large cell phone competitor companies, such as T-Mobile, Verizon, At&t, and Sprint, the IPhone has managed to continually create a product and service that continues to beat the competitors in technology and innovation. The smaller cell phone companies such as Cricket, Metro PCS, and Boost Mobile are able to stay in business only because they sell somewhat of a different marketing strategy, which is a cheaper service plan, with older phones. The Apple IPhone has profited from the recent horizontal merger of T-Mobile, a large cell phone provider, and MetroPCS, a smaller cell phone provider. Two companies made this merger in the same industry that came together in hopes of increasing revenue for both organizations (Investopedia, 2014). The profit that came to Apple Iphone from the merger was increased sale s of the IPhone; MetroPCS has access to the unlocked IPhones and can now offer sales to nine million additional consumers that otherwise would not have access through MetroPCS (AppleInsider, 2013). A merger of this type offer other benefits such as â€Å"infrastructure and branding strength,† for the smaller organization, and creates stronger competition for other large cell phone providers as well (Yglesias, 2013). This competition will force other companies to create new service plans with reduced rates and better services in order to continue to remain successful in the industry. This will in-turn push prices down for consumers and level the playing field. The Apple IPhone Company participates in globalization through contracting the manufacturing of the IPhone product through a company named Foxconn Technologies, which is located in Western China. Foxconn creates more than forty percent of the US electronics, and employs around 120,000 workers twenty-four hours a day seven days a week. Many employees work six days a week with harsh working conditions that  require fast pace and high pressure from the employees leading to high turnover rates (Dihigg & Barboza, 2012) . Despite the harsh working environment, through globalization Apple is able to help other countries develop faster by providing employment opportunities for areas that would otherwise not have any. This also allows Apple to reduce cost of production creating a higher profit margin and sustainability rates for the organization as a whole (Investopedia, 2014). Government Policies and Regulations The cell phone industries have to follow government policies and regulations. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration have the authority to regulate how much a cell phone emits radiofrequency energy. If a cell phone device releases too much radiofrequency energy the U.S. Food and Drug Administration can have the company recall all the cell phones and repair or replace them. Someone can live near or under a cell phone base and receive the radiofrequency energy into their body this needs to be monitored at all time. U.S. Food and Drug Administration shares responsibility with the Federal Communication Commission to be sure that all phones sold in the United States meets the requirements. The Federal Communication Commission also regulates the base tower of the cell phones. A third party can be injured by someone answering their cell phone while driving and if that call is from a telemarketer that can be very bad. Telemarketers once only called your home phone, now they are given access t o our cell phone numbers. The National Do Not Call Registry has thirty-one days from the date of request to remove your phone number from the telemarketing list. The Federal Trade Commission manages the National Do Not Call Registry. If a company does not stop calling they can be subject to up to a $16,000 fine. We all have been told that texting or sending an email while driving can be deadly to the driver, to the passengers and to an innocent third party in another vehicle. Many states are adopting laws and penalties that can range from $50 to $400 depending how many times the drivers violates the law. A young driver will have their licenses suspended the first time or revoked if it happens a second time. A commercial driver cannot use a cell phone inside a vehicle that the engine is running. Not all states these laws based around cell phones and driving yet, but laws are expected to be in all fifty states as  the state sees it necessary. More and more people use their cell phones to store and receive bus iness information. Many people misplace and or lose their cell phone with sensitive information stored in the device. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 [Stimulus Act] will soon want any cell phones used for business to be notified when a breach as happened. Competition; Rules and Regulations Apple Inc. is one of the leading companies in the communication market and because of the rapid growth in technology the global competition is very tight. Telecommunications, globalization, technology, the Internet, and e-commerce have an increased amount of change. Due to this increase companies need to keep up and make changes in their technology, which also means they need to increase their supply, relations, labor, rules and regulations within the company to maintain their competitiveness within the market. Consumers are always looking for the newest technology when it comes to their cell phones, laptops, tablets, and computers. It is imperative for any company that wants to maintain a competitive edge in the market to offer better, faster, and newer products. They must also be willing to maintain service to their existing products as well. Management must make changes within their devices as well as the service they provide. For the company to be successful the management team must keep strong relations within the company as well as the consumers of the product as well. The individuals purchasing their devices need to be sure that they are receiving the highest quality product and also want the validation that if there is a problem with their device that Apple will be able to fix the problem. The levels of management, support staff, customer service, sales, and technical support must be able to meet the supply and demand while remaining cost effective. While most of the labor for manufacturing Apple products is outsourced to other countries; this is done because they can produce the product at a cheaper rate then they would be able to if it was manufactured within the U.S. Due to the outsourcing of work being done outside the U.S. there is a need to have a union representation for the labor that is being done in  other countries. The company needs to ensure that they create policies, rules, and procedures for the company’s employees both within and outside the U.S. Management team needs to make sure they are protecting their employee’s rights both within and outside the U.S. while maintaining their fairness to all employed and still able to create a product that is cost efficient and of the highest quality. Recommendations Apple iPhone merger with T-Mobile is profitable. The merger allows the iPhone to control a large part of the cell phone market. New companies entering the cell phone market must compete with the iPhone on a level of having cheaper rates. Entering a oligopoly market structure is difficult. The merger of Apple iPhone and T-Mobile may lead to other mergers of cell phone companies. Creating new technology by Apple will keep them as a front runner in the cell phone industry; continuing to improve on their now popular cell phone product through technological advances. The popularity of cell phones for more than just calling and sending messages to friends is on the rise. The use of cell phones to conduct business is the lifeline of the businessman or woman on the go. The regulations by the government will still need to be met. Apple in response to government regulations will need to make technological advancements in the safety of their product. The integration of cell phones to the hands free operation of a vehicles radio is one safety step taken. The promoting of not talking and texting while driving must continue and even increase to keep people safe. To keep up with the demand and the changing technology Apple will need to watch the competition closely. The possibility of future mergers will change the labor market. The outsourcing of Apple using a cheaper labor source helps keep production cost down. In order to maintain a high status in the cell phone industry Apple will need to continue to strive for excellence in the technology advancement. Providing superior products to its customers Apple needs make sure it keeps its employees happy. There are fewer unions today compared to years past. This shows that companies are becoming better at providing for its employees. This will need to continue  in order for Apple to stay competitive. Reference AppleInsider. (2013, May 1). T-Mobile, MetroPCS Officially Merge, Bringing IPhone to 9M More in US. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/03/t_mobile_metropcs_merger_it_would_force_at_t_and_verizon_to_improve.html Dihigg, C. (Interviewer)., & Barboza, D. (Speaker). (2012, January 26). In China, Human Costs are Built into an IPad [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/business/ieconomy.html?_r=0 Federal Trade Commission. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0108-national-do-not-call-registry Investopedia. (2014). Globalization. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp Investopedia. (2014). Horizontal Merger. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/horizontalmerger.asp TechTarget. (2003-2014). Retrieved from http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/news/1368978/Ensuring-mobile-data-protection-for-smartphones-is-critical Yglesias, M. (2013, March 28). The Cell Phone Merger America Needs. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/03/t_mobile_metropcs_merger_it_would_force_at_t_and_verizon_to_improve.html

Friday, January 3, 2020

Greetings Review Letter - 1133 Words

Greetings Review - Write my name on the board and today’s date – so the students get themselves familiarize with the date in English but also for them to write their own name and date on their paper as well - Use hand signals (clap my hand) to get the students to settle down and get their attention - Greet the class by saying â€Å"Hello everyone!† and tell them to say â€Å"Hello† back to me Class Arrangement: - Have students sit down at their own assigned seats so I can familiarize myself with the student names. (They can move around as we are doing activities or group work.) - Once I’m familiarize with their names they are allowed to change seats if they wish - But if I found that students that are sitting together not learning but talking too much I will switch their seats so they are sitting further away from each other Presentation of Objectives: -Review last time’s material o Play the game â€Å"I spy† or say â€Å"I see† if they don’t understand what â€Å"I spy† means o Have students split into twos, within the pairs each student takes turn saying â€Å"I spy with my little eyes something [red/blue/etc.]† or they can say â€Å"I see something [red/blue/etc.]† that’s in the class and the other student try to guess the item that the other student is thinking about in English if they can. 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