Charlemagne Known as Charles The Great Free Essays

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, became the undisputed ruler of Western Europe, â€Å"By the sword and the cross.† As Western Europe was deteriorating Charlemagne was crowned the privilege of being joint king of the Franks in 768 AD. People of Western Europe, excluding the church followers, had all but forgotten the great gifts of education and arts that they had possessed at one time. We will write a custom essay sample on Charlemagne: Known as Charles The Great or any similar topic only for you Order Now Charlemagne solidly defeated barbarians and kings in identical fashion during his reign. Using the re-establishment of education and order, Charlemagne was able to save many political rights and restore culture in Western Europe. Charlemagne was born in 742 AD, to a very famous and well-known family. Charlemagne†s grandfather was Charles Martel, the man who was responsible for the defeat of the Saracens. Charlemagne was also the eldest son of Betrade and Pepin the Short, the first to become king of the Franks. With the almost full extinction of schools in the 8th century, many historians say that Charlemagne received very little education, but did learn the art of reading from Bertrade. In 768 AD, Charlemagne at the age of 26, along with his brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of Franks. However, in 771 AD Carloman died, making Charlemagne the sole ruler of the kingdom. At this time the northern part of Europe was out of order and unruly. In the south, the Roman Catholic Church was asserting itself alongside the Lombard kingdom in Italy. While in Charlemagne†s own kingdom, the people were becoming and acting as barbarians and neglecting education and faith. But Charlemagne was determined to make his kingdom as strong as possible. In 772 AD, Charlemagne put forth a 30-year campaign to conquer and Christianize the Saxons in the north. He charged over the Avars, a large tribe on the Danube. He forced the Bavarians to surrender to him. When possible Charlemagne attempted to settle his conflicts peacefully. However, he was forced to use brute in some situations. For instance, Charlemagne offered to pay Desiderius for the return of lands to the pope, but after Desiderius refused, Charlemagne seized the kingdom of Desiderius and restored the Papal States. By 800 AD Charlemagne was the sole ruler of Western Europe. His immense kingdom included what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the Netherlands. It also covered half of present-day Italy and Germany, part of Austria, and the Spanish March. This Spanish March stretched to the Ebro River. Through his establishment of a single government over the entire Western Europe, Charlemagne re-established much of the old Roman Empire, which paved the way for the progress of present-day Europe. On Christmas Day in 800 while praying in St. Peter†s Cathedral in Rome, Pope Leo III approached Charlemagne with a golden crown and placed it on the head of the king. The crowd in the church shouted concurrently, â€Å"To Charles the Augustus, crowned by God to be the great and peace-giving emperor of the Romans, life and victory!† Doing this angered the Byzantines because Charlemagne†s prestige and power was equal to the Byzantine emperor. Another problem that arose was that the pope thereafter chose the Roman emperor among the European kings. At the time of Charlemagne†s death in 814 AD only one of his three sons, Louis the Pious was alive. Louis had a weak ruling after his father, which brought on many civil wars and rebellions. As king and emperor, he was very religious and it is said that the role of a monk better suited him than that of the Roman emperor. When Louis the Pious passed away, his three sons broke out in civil war for their father†s empire. In 843, the war ended when Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German signed the Treaty of Verdun. This pact separated the empire into three separate parts for each of Louis the Pious† sons. After the treaty was signed, the kings† power deteriorated and the government became weak. All of Europe was invaded and pirates and barbarians threatened the land. Charlemagne†s empire began to weaken. How to cite Charlemagne: Known as Charles The Great, Papers

Issues To Implementation Of Methodologies †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Issues To Implementation Of Methodologies? Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to throw light on the Project Management Methodologies and implement it practically on three case studies of different industries in order to explain their benefits, issues and solution of those issues. This report focuses on three PM Methodologies PMBOK, PRINCE2, and Waterfall, which are best suited with the infrastructure and employee strength of three case studies. These methodologies are being implemented to system in order to enhance the performance of the organization and let the employees give best efficiency on the output. This report explains in depth the three methodologies and consequence of this implementation within the operations that includes recommendation of better methodology based in the existing infrastructure and the strength of the organization, their advantages. Issues related to the implementation have also been proposed in this report including the measures that could eliminate or minimize he issue to an extent level. Implementing PM methodology as a Management Activity In simple way, PM methodology is a must-have in order to reduce risks and avoid failure and is one of the critical factor and core competencies of the management team within any organization. Project Management methodology can be defined as the combination of methods, processes and practices that can be helpful in determining the best to develop, plan, control, and deliver project throughout the regular implementation process till the project is completed and terminated (International Standards organization 2004). PM methodology is scientifically proven to be the best disciplined and systematic approach to project design, project execution, and project completion. The purpose of PM methodology is to give management the access to control the entire management process through problem solving and effective decision making, and in the meanwhile ensuring the success of specific techniques, approaches, processes, technologies and methods. In other words it provides a skeleton of each step of the project management in depth in order to ensure that the project manager take proper and good decisions for delivering and implementing the project within the schedule, client specification, and budget (International Standards Organization 2008). First organization is a financial services industry with very low strength (80) employees within the organization. PMI/PMBOK can be considered as the best methodology approach for organization A. this approach will help the manager in dividing processes into five stages as guided by PMI (Project Management Institute) and allow the five stages to enhance the performance of the organization by proper management (International Standards 2008). Second organisation is a building society industry with 600 numbers of employees which is ell manageable with less complex methodology, thus PRINCE2 can be recommended as the best methodology approach to carry out efficient and effective management operations within the organization (Calder 2009). Third organisation belongs to Technology Services industry with very large number of employees of strength 600 members, which makes the management system little complex. For such type of organizational structure Waterfall project management methodology could be the best approach in order to manage the operational activities with more efficient and effective manner. The waterfall model can be helpful in gaining sequential or non-iterative design-process that can be used in software development processes. In this methodology progress can be seen flowing in steady downward manners. PMBOK Implementation Strategy for Organisation A The PMBOK methodology implementation can be a very crucial element of the whole process within the organization. PMI/PMBOK implementation can be divided into five phases, which can be listed as: Initiating, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling and closing. Initiating phase can be considered as most crucial and demonstrating in the whole process of management (International Standards Organization 2008). Under this process setting respective aims and goals of the organization is determined. Second phase that is planning, emphasis on planning that how the project will run and is running including the processes that are taken in account during the access of the requirements. Next phase is execution, which includes implementation of the gathered information on the entire project, which was gathered during first and second phase including budget plan for some cases (International Standards Organization 2012). Next phase monitors and controls the implementations that are going to be made for the change and ensures that the implementation should be effective. Last phase is the closing phase in which project closure is discussed withholding a closure meeting and completion of all the documentation process with proper initials. PRINCE2 Implementation Strategy for Organisation B PRINCE2 is a process-based approach or methodology that can help in managing the projects in more effective and efficient manner. It emphasis on the team members those are suitable for the project, their responsibilities and roles in the whole project. For implementing PPRINCE 2 within the organization a manager might need a mentor in order to make the implementation successful. Following are the main objectives for marketing this implementation successful: firstly, PRINCE2 coaches/mentors, who are specialise in providing assistance for the organization in order to make the implementation successful and achieve the expected benefits with this implementation. Guidance can be gained while implementing this methodology into the system through proper coaching, monitoring and training. Secondly implementing PRINCE 2 is more than providing training to the employees rather than that it is about the establishment of best practices among the project management system into the work environment and enhances the performance of the organization through more improved and advanced way of project governance (Directing successful projects 2009). Waterfall Implementation Strategy for Organisation C Waterfall methodology is being expected to be much simpler to implement within the organization than other methodologies. First of all a big team is needed for several processes for which a big management team is needed for the success of this approach. As per the figure 3 in Appendix it can be seen that Waterfall is a hierarchical structured methodology, team will be created with same hierarchical structure. The manager should then start implementing the policies in documented form as, all the activities under Waterfall approach are based on the principles. After this, first step should be documentation of demand of the customers followed by performing the processes of the project in stage-wise manner. Each event or process in this methodology is depended on previous event or process as, it st5arts after the completion of previous projects event. This raise the demand of attentiveness, which should be provided on each process and avoid all the bugs as it will directly affect the nex t process. Issues Related to the Implementation of Methodologies PMBOK implementation has following issues: The PMBOK PM methodology only provides general guidance and states this specifically. That means an individual will have to know precisely what is to be done then only the implementation can be successful. Another issues can be stated as The PMBOK cannot define precise output, input and performance criteria for example qualitative analysis can be helpful in identifying relative impact, but it does not represents 0.80 impact (Project Management Institute 2006). Thirdly, it also lacks in defining the individuals role that are responsible for performing the processes. A complete and accurate is that which can define roles, responsibilities and authority levels of each individual involved in the project (Project Management Institute 2013). Fourth, the PMBOK lacks in developing guidance documents and user-friendly in order to implement the respective processes in consistent manner. The PMBOK do laid out work flows in well manner, but only dealt with the single pass, which are the methodologies need to deal with the iterative builds (Project Management Institute 2011). Last but not the least it can be said that there are various issues in PMBOK implementation, which have been eliminated in other methodologies like Six Sigma and PRINCE2. PRINCE2 implementation has following issues: Change Management: It is a procedure oriented methodology, which implies that changes cannot be made during the middle of the project and are not acceptable during the development of the project. Heavy weight: The main focus of this methodology is on heavy documentation and comprehensive planning that makes the methodology more time consuming than other PM methodologies (Hedeman and Seegers 2007). Poor Risk Management: risk management can be meaningful only if the risks are identified at early stages and mitigated whenever identified. PRINCE2 PM Methodology does not provide much emphasis on the guidance of problem solving nor does it discuss the decision-making process. Not solving problems at their early stages can lead to bigger failures and harm the project from achieving its goals (Hedman and Ron 2009). Motivation: This is the last issue in the implementation of PRINCE2 methodology, which can be stated as there is no mode of any motivation throughout the whole process. Motivational aspects are very important in order to create positivity among the individuals related to the project. Waterfall implementation has following issues: The very first issue in this implementation is that most customers do not know in real that what they want or need up-front. The up-front requirements design and capture presented by waterfall methodology approach is neither much realistic nor suitable for the vagaries of the real world. Next issue is related to the uncertain nature of estimating time, costs, and customer needs with any degree of accuracy as per the model is extremely difficult for the real world. Another issue can be emphasized on the implicit assumption of model, which results that designs that look much feasible on model can turn into difficult or expensive in practice, later on discovering that it requires a re-design. Some issues can also direct towards the fact that the waterfall model implies a clear division of labor between, say, "designers", "programmers" and "testers". For most of the software organizations these divisions are neither efficient not much realistic. Measures to Mitigate Issues in Implementing Methodologies PMI/PMBOK is specially designed in manner of standardizing all the activities that are being performed within the various departments of the organisation. Other than that focus should be given on assigning the roles and responsibilities to the individual could eliminate the first issue stated in above paragraph (Project Management Institute 2011). Completely new qualitative analysis with proper accurate impact analysis can be helpful in mitigating the third issue raised above. Modifying it to be more user-friendly can also be helpful (Project Management 2013). The management processes should be made more flexible in order to allow the changes during the development of the project. Risk management process should be improved in order to mitigate the in early stages and complete the project with 100% efficiency. Motivational awareness program can be implemented into the phases of processes. Proper offering based on the requirements of the organization not on the call can eliminate the first issue raised in the above paragraph. Each process should be made independent in order to break the consequence of bugs or issues that might affect the rest of process outputs. Isolation of process can be a better option. Implicit assumption of model should be eliminated and models should be made considering the real world could help in mitigating the issues. Benefits of Using PM Methodologies Following are the benefits in implementation of PMBOK methodology: Standardization of the PM processes: PMBOK specifically promote companies towards standardizing the implementation process for each and every project (Project Management Institute Management 2013). Analysis of activities across different sectors can be made in order to standardize the procedures by the help of PMBOK. This will result in more efficiency within the system (Project Management System 2012). Easy guide to PM steps: It is easier to perform the role activities of all members within the project management team or the organization using the guidance presented by PMBOK. Individuals of the team can do their work with more efficiency through this implication (Project Management Institute 2013). PMBOK Provides documentation: Finding out what processes or systems are resulting in the favour of the organizational goal can be done by PMBOK guide, which will result in god business in return for the organization (Project Management Institute 2011). Due to the flexibility in customization and standardization, the involving processes can be applied to several other companies. Following are the benefits of implementing PRINCE2 methodology: Reliable: PRINCE2 divides the whole project into two parts, which results in easy managing all the management activities within the organization. Reliability can be proved as this provides assistance to the project team on how to maintain a focused and motivated workforce and become capable of delivering the expected outcome as per the goal set by the organization and the team leader (Van Selm 2009). Communication: Communication between the stakeholders and the team members can be improved by the implementation of PRINCE2 PM Methodology within the system. This helps in promoting team spirit, more controlled and efficient work. Well documented: It is another benefit of PRINCE2, which is a procedure-oriented project management methodology. Knowledge transfer between the different levels team becomes easier because of the detailed documentation at all stages (Managing Successful Project 2009). Plan oriented: It is completely plan oriented approach as, whole project is divided into two stages and every stage is comprised of planning at its first phase. Planning can be helpful in meeting the needs or requirements of different levels of management. Focus on product: The main focus of this methodology as stated above is on delivering and defining the products and their quality requirements respectively. This is not an activity-oriented project whereas; it is an output-oriented project. Clearly defined roles and responsibilities: This methodology properly defines the roles of team leader, and project manager and their responsibilities (Wijers and Vergoef 2009). Following are the benefits of implementing Waterfall methodology: There are various benefits of this implementation within the system of organization C. Firstly, discipline can be achieve by the enforcement of the staged development cycle, which states that every phase has a defined with starting and ending point that helps in the progress that can be conclusively identified by using milestones introduced by both client and the vendor. The risks of schedule slippage can be reduced and the customers expectation can be met through emphasising on the design and requirements before writing a single line of code. Getting the design and requirements out of the way first also helps in improving the quality; it becomes much easier to correct and catch flaws that might occur during designing stage and then at testing stage. Lastly, it can be said that because the first two phases ends in a production of the formal specification, the waterfall model can enhance the performance of the organization through increasing efficient knowledge transfer between the in dividuals involved in the project. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that based on the infrastructure of the organization, every proposed project Management Methodology is feasible and can help in enhancing the performance of the organization. However, PRINCE2 was found to be the least issues among the rest of the implementation. Whereas, waterfall can be stated as the old methodology and need upgrade. PMBOK can be the best guide for adhering the accurate efficiency for the organization through proper delivery of the processes within the methodology. References: Calder, A., 2009. Information Security based on ISO 27001/ISO 27002. Business law. Directing Successful Projects with PRINCE2TM, Fifth Edition, Crown copyright 2009, TSO Hedeman, B.S.R. and Seegers, R., 2007. PRINCE2 Edition 2009: A Pocket Guide. Hedeman, Bert, and Ron Seegers. PRINCE2TM 2009 Edition-A Pocket Guide. Van Haren, 2009. International Standards Organization. 2004. ISO/IEC 2:2004. Standardization and Related Activities General Vocabulary. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. International Standards Organization. 2008. ISO 9000:2008. Quality Management Systems Fundamentals and Vocabulary. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. International Standards Organization. 2008. ISO/IEC 15288:2008. Systems and Software Engineering System Life Cycle Processes. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. International Standards Organization. 2012. ISO 21500:2012 Guidance on Project Management. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2TM, Fifth Edition, Crown copyright 2009, TSO Project Management Institute. 2006. Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) Second Edition (Reaffirmed). Newtown Square, PA: PMI. Project Management Institute. 2011. Practice Standard for Earned Value Management Second Edition. Newtown Square, PA: PMI. Project Management Institute. 2011. Practice Standard for Scheduling Second Edition. Newtown Square, PA: PMI. Project Management Institute. 2012. PMI Lexicon of Project Management Terms. Available from https://www.pmi.org/lexiconterms Project Management Institute. 2013. Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3R) Third Edition. Newtown Square, PA: PMI. Project Management Institute. 2013. The Standard for Portfolio Management Third Edition. Newtown Square, PA: PMI. Project Management Institute. 2013. The Standard for Program Management Third Edition. Newtown Square, PA: PMI. Project Management Institute. PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. Available from https://www.pmi.org/codeofethicsPDF van Selm, L., 2009. ISO/IEC 20000 Eine Einfhrung. Van Haren. Wijers, G. and Verhoef, D., 2009. IT Outsourcing Part 1: Contracting the Partner. Van Haren.

Theodore Roosevelt Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Theodore Roosevelt Persuasive Essay THEODORE ROOSEVELTTheodore Roosevelt was more than just the 26th president of the United States. He was a writer, historian, explorer, big-game hunter, soldier, conservationist, ranchman and Nobel Peace Prize winner. It is not surprising that his life was known as The Strenuous Life. Theodore was born into a wealthy and socially prominent New York family in 1858. Although with a quick mind he was not blessed with a strong body. He suffered from life-threatening asthma attacks throughout his childhood. Spurred on by his father, Theodore began to build up his body by strenuous exercise, and by adulthood he had become a model of physical courage and toughness. Early Political Life.As a young man Roosevelt decided on a dual career; law and politics. At the time, New York politics was dominated by men involved in machine politics. We will write a custom essay on Theodore Roosevelt Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Yet he persisted in getting to know and understand them, while at the same time attending Columbia Law School. Eventually he secured the friendship of a man named Joe Murray who was able to get him nominated as a 21st District State Republican Assemblyman. Together, with Murrays contacts and knowledge of machine politics and his own family and social connections, Roosevelt was able to easily win the election. He was 23 and in Albany. Theodore served three terms in the New York Assembly. Roosevelt was a delegate to the Republican convention, and as a matter of principle he vigorously opposed the leading candidates James G. Blaine and President Arthur. Roosevelt supported a reformer, Senator George F. Edmunds. In the end Blaine won the nomination, and this put Roosevelt in a difficult position. He did not believe that Blaine was honest, yet if he followed the example of other progressives and did not support him he realized he would be through in the Republican party. He supported Blaine. When Blaine lost Theodore received no political position, and his political career was over. Ranchman Roosevelt not only suffered political defeat in 1884 but deeply personal defeats as well. On the same day both his mother and wife died. These disappointments led to a radical change in Roosevelts life. He decided to move to the Dakota Badlands to become a rancher. At the time many people thought that this was a good way to become rich. The Dakotas were not like the East life could be a little wild and woolly. Resolution of disputes was done at the end of a gun, and thieves were often hanged as soon as they were caught. Roosevelt excelled at this rough and tumble way of life and earned the respect and devotion of the men around him. Roosevelt, however, did not excel at making money. He lost about half of his entire capital in ranching. But what he gained was, in the long run, of much greater value. The men he met there were to later join the famous Rough Riders whose exploits were the major impetus to his political success. In 1886 Roosevelt returned to New York to marry a childhood friend Edith Carow. Together they had a very successful marriage and produced five children in addition to Alice, Roosevelts child by his first marriage. Politics was still the place that Roosevelt wanted to be, but there were not many opportunities since his party was out of power. In order to support his family Roosevelt spent his time writing. This was not a new vocation for Roosevelt. Equally at home hunting for a book as hunting for a bear he wrote his first book The Naval War of 1812 while in law school and running for the New York Assembly. By the end of his life he had written and published dozens of books. .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa , .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .postImageUrl , .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa , .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa:hover , .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa:visited , .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa:active { border:0!important; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa:active , .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6c999ce9839e53a9c6e2fa0f45050fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Quantitative Methodology For Quantitative Research Essay Reformer In 1888 Roosevelt saw his chance to jump back into politics by campaigning for the election of Benjamin Harrison. When Harrison won he appointed Roosevelt to be a Civil Service Commissioner. It was with this job and later as Police Commissioner that Roosevelt made his reputation as a reformer. At the time both the Civil Service and the New York Police Department had serious corruption problems. Roosevelt did his best to clean up the corruption and make things work fairly. For example, as a Police Commissioner he took control of the police department, reorganized it, fired corrupt policemen and used to spend his nights walking through the city looking for policemen asleep on their jobs. Nationalist In the presidential election of 1896 the Republican William McKinley ran against the Democrat William Jennings Bryan. Roosevelt campaigned hard for McKinley, and he was rewarded by the job he coveted most Assistant Secretary of the Navy. It was during this time that Roosevelt first met William Allen White, a newspaper editor from Kansas. Whites autobiography paints Roosevelts personality perfectly ..and we sat there for an hour after lunch and talked our jaws loose about everything. I had never known such a man as he, and never shall again. He overcame me. And in the hour or two we spent that day at lunch, and in a walk down F Street, he poured into my heart such visions, such ideals, such hopes, such a new attitude toward life and patriotism and the meaning of things, as I had never dreamed men had. . ..so strong was this young Roosevelthard-muscled, hard-voiced even when the voice cracked in falsetto, with hard, wriggling jaw muscles, and snapping teeth, even when he cackled in raucous glee, so completely did the personality of this man overcome me that I made no protest and accepted his dictum as my creed. Being Assistant Secretary of the Navy provided this powerful young man his first chance to act on his foreign policy ideas. Roosevelt was a strong nationalist. He believed fervently that not only was the United States on the brink of becoming a world power, but that it had a responsibility and a duty to establish U.S. supremacy. For an explanation of these views in his own words see his speech The Strenuous Life. This faith in national supremacy spawned a host of related goals. In order for the U.S. to become a world power it needed to be able to transport its military quickly between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. At that time ships had to sail around the tip of South America to make that trip. If, instead, they could go through an isthmian canal it would cut weeks off the trip time. But having a canal meant that military control had to be established over the canal. To do this the United States would have to secure the Caribbean, and that in turn meant war with Spain. Spains empire in Latin America was just a sliver of what it had once been, but it still controlled Cuba and Puerto Rico. This is why Roosevelt zealously worked to promote the Spanish-American War. All wrapped around and through these ideas was the need for a strong navy. Toward this goal Roosevelt worked very hard while Assistant Secretary. He fought and pushed and prodded and on occasion was insubordinate in his efforts to strengthen the navy for war. His cause was helped enormously when the United States battleship Maine blew up in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898. This was just the sort of incendiary event needed to push the U. S. into war. The bombing was blamed on the Spanish even though nobody really knew who or what was responsible. War was officially declared on April 21, 1898. .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 , .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .postImageUrl , .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 , .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40:hover , .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40:visited , .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40:active { border:0!important; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40:active , .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40 .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb7f154efcc285df5b5f8c590f285a40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr Essay It would have never done for Roosevelt to be stuck behind a desk while a war was on. He was just itching to become a soldier. He quit the Naval Department and joined the Army as a Lieutenant Colonel. Together he and his superior officer, Colonel Wood, were responsible for raising volunteers for the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry regiment. By the time the war was over Roosevelt was the Colonel in charge, and his regiment, popularly known as Roosevelts Rough Riders, was famous. For Roosevelt the war was the event that catapulted him politically. It was only three more years until he was the President of the United States. New York Governor When Roosevelt returned from Cuba he was a national hero and political gold. Men were lining up to beg him to run for office. Tom Platt, the boss of the Republican machine in New York was no exception, except that he was not real thrilled about it. Platts political power base was big business, but here he was asking Roosevelt to run for governor a man that had an annoying tendency to do what he felt was right rather than heedlessly protect powerful business interests. Unfortunately for Platt finding a man that could actually win was a bigger problem a problem that Roosevelt could solve. When Roosevelt became governor in January of 1899 he fulfilled Platts worst expectations. He would not let Platt dominate his term or his decision making. In particularly he angered and defied Platt on the biggest issue of his term utility franchise taxes. At that time public service corporations did not pay taxes on their franchises. They did pay Platt to make sure it stayed that way. Roosevelt felt that government should not give preferential treatment to big business, and that it had an important role in its regulation. In the end Roosevelt prevailed and utility companies were forced to pay taxes. This enraged both Platt and his supporters. In a weird twist it was this anger that helped paved the way for Roosevelt to become president. In 1899 Garret Hobart, vice-president of the United States, died and in his death Platt saw his chance. He did everything he could to encourage the nomination of Roosevelt for vice-president. Others, with less selfish motivations, also thought it was a wonderful idea and applied pressure to both President McKinley and Roosevelt. Neither one of which was thrilled about the idea. McKinley had no particular interest in Roosevelt, and Roosevelts active nature revolted at the thought of having a ceremonial and impotent political position. In the end they both relented, Roosevelt accepted the vice-president nomination and their ticket went on to win the 1900 presidential election against William Jennings Bryan. Roosevelt resigned himself to being vice-president. Roosevelts next opportunity also came at the expense of another persons death. In September of 1901, less than one year into his new term, McKinley was shaking hands with the public at the Pan-American Exposition when a young man named Leon Czolgosz walked up to him and shot him twice. At first it looked like McKinley would survive the shooting, but

Krakatoa Volcano Eruption of 1883

Krakatoa Volcano Eruption of 1883 The eruption of the volcano at Krakatoa in the western Pacific Ocean in August 1883 was a major disaster by any measure. The entire island of Krakatoa was simply blown apart, and the resulting tsunami killed tens of thousands of people on other islands in the vicinity. The volcanic dust thrown into the atmosphere affected the weather around the world, and people as far away as Britain and the United States eventually began to see bizarre red sunsets caused by particles in the atmosphere. It would take years for scientists to connect the spooky red sunsets with the eruption at Krakatoa, as the phenomenon of dust being thrown into the upper atmosphere was not understood. But if the scientific effects of Krakatoa remained murky, the volcanic eruption in a remote part of the world had a nearly immediate impact on heavily populated regions. The events at Krakatoa were also significant because it was one of the first times that detailed descriptions of a colossal news event traveled around the world quickly, carried by undersea telegraph wires. Readers of daily newspapers in Europe and North America were able to follow current reports of the disaster and its enormous implications. In the early 1880s Americans had grown used to receiving news from Europe by undersea cables. And it wasnt unusual to see happenings in London or Dublin or Paris described within days in newspapers in the American West. But the news from Krakatoa seemed much more exotic, and was coming from a region which most Americans could barely contemplate. The idea that events on a volcanic island in the western Pacific could be read about within days at the breakfast table was a revelation. And so the remote volcano became an event that seemed to make the world grow smaller. The Volcano at Krakatoa The great volcano on the island of Krakatoa (sometimes spelled as Krakatau or Krakatowa) loomed over the Sunda Strait, between the islands of Java and Sumatra in present day Indonesia. Before the 1883 eruption, the volcanic mountain reached a height of approximately 2,600 feet above sea level. The slopes of the mountain were covered with green vegetation, and it was a notable landmark to sailors passing through the straits. In the years preceding the massive eruption several earthquakes occurred in the area. And in June 1883 small volcanic eruptions began to rumble across the island. Throughout the summer the volcanic activity increased, and tides at islands in the area began to be affected. The activity kept accelerating, and finally, on August 27, 1883, four massive eruptions came from the volcano. The final colossal explosion destroyed two-thirds of the island of Krakatoa, essentially blasting it into dust. Powerful tsunamis were triggered by the force. The scale of the volcanic eruption was enormous. Not only was the island of Krakatoa shattered, other small islands were created. And the map of the Sunda Strait was changed forever. Local Effects of the Krakatoa Eruption Sailors on ships in nearby sea lanes reported astounding events associated with the volcanic eruption. The sound was loud enough to break the eardrums of some crewmen on ships many miles away. And pumice, or chunks of solidified lava, rained from the sky, pelting the ocean and the decks of ships. The tsunamis set off by the volcanic eruption rose as high as 120 feet, and slammed into the coastlines of the inhabited islands of Java and Sumatra. Entire settlements were wiped away, and it is estimated that 36,000 people died. Distant Effects of the Krakatoa Eruption The sound of the massive volcanic eruption traveled enormous distances across the ocean. At the British outpost on Diego Garcia, an island in the Indian Ocean more than 2,000 miles from Krakatoa, the sound was clearly heard. People in Australia also reported hearing the explosion. It is possible that Krakatoa created one of the loudest sounds ever generated on earth, rivaled only by the volcanic eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815. Pieces of pumice were light enough to float, and weeks after the eruption large pieces began drifting in with the tides along the coast of Madagascar, an island off the east coast of Africa. Some of the large pieces of volcanic rock had animal and human skeletons embedded in them. They were grisly relics of Krakatoa. The Krakatoa Eruption Became a Worldwide Media Event Something that made Krakatoa different from other major events in the 19th century was the introduction of the transoceanic telegraph cables. The news of Lincoln’s assassination less than 20 years earlier had taken nearly two weeks to reach Europe, as it had to be carried by ship. But when Krakatoa erupted, a telegraph station at Batavia (present day Jakarta, Indonesia) was able to send the news to Singapore. Dispatches were relayed quickly, and within hours  newspaper readers in London, Paris, Boston, and New York were beginning to be  informed of the colossal events in the distant Sunda Straits. The New York Times ran a small item on the front page of August 28, 1883 - carrying a dateline from the day before - relaying the first reports tapped out on the telegraph key in Batavia: â€Å"Terrific detonations were heard yesterday evening from the volcanic island of Krakatoa. They were audible at Soerkrata, on the island of Java. The ashes from the volcano fell as far as Cheribon, and the flashes proceeding from it were visible in Batavia.† The initial New York Times item also noted that stones were falling from the sky, and that communication with the town of Anjier â€Å"is stopped and it is feared there has been a calamity there.† (Two days later the New York Times would report that the European settlement of Anjiers had been â€Å"swept away† by a tidal wave.) The public became fascinated with the news reports about the volcanic eruption. Part of that was due to the novelty of being able to receive such distant news so quickly. But it was also because the event was so enormous and so rare. The Eruption at Krakatoa Became a Worldwide Event Following the eruption of the volcano, the area near Krakatoa was enveloped in a strange darkness, as dust and particles blasted into the atmosphere blocked sunlight. And as winds in the upper atmosphere carried the dust great distances, people on the other side of the world began to notice the effect. According to a report in the Atlantic Monthly magazine published in 1884, some sea captains had reported seeing sunrises that were green, with the sun remaining green throughout the day. And sunsets around the world turned a vivid red in the months following the Krakatoa eruption. The vividness of the sunsets continued for nearly three years. American newspaper articles in late 1883 and early 1884 speculated on the cause of the widespread phenomenon of blood red sunsets. But scientists today know that dust from Krakatoa blown into the high atmosphere was the cause. The Krakatoa eruption, massive as it was, was actually not the largest volcanic eruption of the 19th century. That distinction would belong to the eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815. The Mount Tambora eruption, as it happened before the invention of the telegraph, was not as widely known. But it actually had a more devastating impact as it contributed to bizarre and deadly weather the following year, which became known as The Year Without a Summer.

FlyBe Strategy Assessment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FlyBe Strategy Assessment - Case Study Example Flybe operate' out of more UK airport' than any other airline. Flybe ha' been a market leader in developing it' range of pa''enger 'ervice'.' Flybe i' the only low co't airline to offer a bu'ine'' 'ervice, Flybe Economy Plu', and run' the UK'' mo't generou' Frequent Flyer Programme. We were the fir't low co't airline to offer online check-in to pa''enger' carrying hand and hold baggage; and the fir't to introduce a pre-a''igned 'eating facility allowing pa''enger' to pre-book their 'eat'. FlyBe i' the large't low fare airline in Europe. Operating through it' carrier FlyBe, the company run' flight' to around 120 de'tination' acro'' Europe, including airport' in Denmark, Germany, Norway, and 'weden. For the fi'cal Year 2003, FlyBe recorded revenue' of e842.5 million; an increa'e of 35% over 2002. It ha' a fleet of approximately 45 Boeing 737' and tran'port' over fifteen million cu'tomer' a year. FlyBe i' headquartered in Dublin Ireland, and ha' a workforce of about 1900 employee'.(Datamonitor)1.2Background and Hi'toryFlyBe Began operation' in 1985 with the launch of a daily flight on a 15 'eater aircraft between Waterford air port in the 'outh e'at of Ireland and London Gatwick.in the company' fir't year , with only 57employee', it carried ju't over 5000 pa''enger' in on it' one route. Over the next three Year' it expanded Rapidly opening Many new route' between Ireland and the UK, and increa'ed the number of jet' in it' fleet. However whil't cu'tomer' continued to fly FlyBe, for the low airfare' the co't were not controlled ,and the company continued to accumulate lo''e' . By 1989, the company employed 350 people, operated 15 aircraft and carried 600000 pa''enger' a year, but 'till recorded lo''e' of 20 million pound' in four year'.(Datamonitor)Under a new management team a major overhaul of the airline wa' undertaken in 1990/91, with FlyBe re-launched a' a low fare'-no frill' airline , adopting the formula pioneered by 'outhwe't Airline' in the U'. Non-profitable route' were eliminated, the network wa' cut back from 19 to ju't 5 route'. 'ome aircraft were di'po'ed of and airfare' acro'' the remaining network were 'ub'tantially reduced with 70% of all 'eat' offered at the two lowe't fare'. By 1991, FlyBe wa' operating a fleet of 'ix aircraft, employing 350 people, carrying 700 pa''enger' on ju't five route' , and it had recorded it' fir't ever profit. Over the next couple of year', 'chedule' on the key Dublin-London route wrew increa'ed average air fare' were lowered and new route' were launched from Dublin to Birmingham, Gla'gow, Manche'ter, and Gatwick. The number of cu'tomer' continued to grow, thank' largely to FlyBe'' low fare'. By 1994,FlyBe employed over 500 people and carried 1.5 million pa''enger' per annum. In 2002, the company 'igned the large't ever order with Boeing for 100 next generation 737-800 aircrafgt with option' to buy up to a further 50 aircraft to be deliverd over the next 'even year' . it 'ucce''fully launched 22 new route' and opened two new continental

Distopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distopia - Essay Example The fictional stories of dystopia always have a tragic end. A first time dystopian reader who expects regular ending will be surprised by the tragic events in the stories. Writers like Yevgeny Zamyatin, H. G. Wells, Eugene Luther, etc., had written many utopian and dystopian stories. Yevgeny Zamyatin's WE was completed in 1920 and published in English in the year 1924. It's an irony or can be said as totalitarian conditions prevailed in Russia prevented Zamyatin to release his book in his own country until 1952, fifteen years after Zamyatin's death. The book describes how life would be like in a totalitarian state. It also reflects the author's view on Russia, which was governed by communists under the leadership of Stalin. In this dystopian story the world is under a totalitarian state and was called as One State. This One State is controlled under the dictatorship of one who was called as Benefactor. In this world no one has a name, everyone is recognised by his or her identification numbers. Each individual addresses other by his or her number and always work in unison. In One state everything is made of glass including buildings, tools and machinery. There is no privacy for One state's citizens. "Every building is made of this same glass, enabling any behaviour not proscribed by the Table of Hours, the sacred text of the One State, to be easily seen and reported" (Mirra Ginsburg, 1972). In this glass-enclosed city of absolutely straight lines, nameless numbers (individuals are recognised by their designations) - survivors of a devastating war - live out lives devoid of passion and creativity. An individual by the number D-503 also lives the same life as others and is chief builder of the One state's prestigious project called as Integral. Integral is a mega project, which involves in the construction of a spaceship that will be used to explore outer planets and bring them under the leadership of Benefactor. A network of Guardians constantly monitors the activities of One state's citizens. The Guardians responsibility is to check irregular behaviour of an individual. Out of this state is a green jungle where rebels reside and D-503 falls in love with a woman I-330 who works with the rebels. "D-503's rigidly structured life grows in complexity as he meets I-330, a fiercely dominant woman who seduces him, first from his lover O-90, then from his beloved One State" (Mirra Ginsburg, 1972). This new relationship tears his conscience apart and he no longer thinks straight. He becomes so involved with the rebels that he joins them against One state. George Orwell's 1984 is another dystopian story that ends in a tragic note. The story took place in London in the year 1984. The story revolves around the life of Winston who lives in London, which is a part of Oceania. Oceania is one of the three countries that exist in the world; the other two are Eurasia and Eastasia. These three countries are always at war. Oceania is a totalitarian state under the leadership of Big Brother and strict censorship is implemented through out the country. "Winston is disgusted with his oppressed life and secretly longs to join the fabled Brotherhood, a supposed group of underground rebels intent on overthrowing the government" (George Orwell, 1949). Winston falls in love with Julia. Julia hates inner party as much as Winston does. Winston meets a person called O'Brien whom he thinks as a

Design Factors Affecting Building Maintenance

Design Factors Affecting Building Maintenance The factors of design which will influence the levels of future maintenance of public buildings and works. 1.  Introduction Maintenance of public buildings is concern for the continuous development and preservation of the major infrastructure systems such as public and private-owned buildings within the county which includes janitorial services, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), plumbing, electrical, landscaping, and lawn care services. Public works, on the other hand, deals with safeguarding of sewer, solid waste, drainage and parks, etc. Both public buildings and works are grouped together and represented by the County Administrator. Their activities are inter-connected and require cross-departmental and pre-maintenance coordination. As the community grows constantly with time, the challenge facing the public buildings and works department at the County Council is to provide and maintain the above adequate infrastructure and facilities regularly. Assuring and completing maintenance to keep pace with concurrency requirements for a variety of works continues to be a huge problem for the County. The County has historically been unable to keep up with the need of society within its premises. Although the public works is still partially funded by the UK Government, the County’s Public Works Trust Fund (PWTF) loans remained at near high record levels. In this report, we will be discussing the design factors influencing the levels of maintenance of public buildings and works. 2.  Different levels of maintenance for public works at different zones The County has tried to maintain a uniform and consistent level of maintenance throughout, for example, the more important and prominent landscaped areas and parks around public and private-owned buildings. Under County Council regulations, it can only use funds collected from neighbourhood property owners and private agencies within a zone for costs associated directly and within that specified zone. In some zone areas, the evaluations allowed by law have not been sufficient to pay for basic maintenance costs, so essentially, some zones have been less funded for maintenance coverage. This is especially true when considering the costs necessary to replace dying plants and trees, replace or repair vandalized equipment or renovate older parks and irrigation systems [1] Decisions for funding in certain zones were based on mailed ballots while others were not in favour of paying for extra maintenance and repair covers. Therefore, in order to keep the maintenance budget balanced, cuts and reductions have been made in the frequency and type of maintenance being performed in each of the under-funded zones. Essentially, the maintenance levels (or standards) are different as a result of the variance in available funds. Property owners and agencies will continue to see a difference in the levels of maintenance being provided throughout the various zones in the County. The Council has developed priorities for services that most affect the community, particularly when budgets are tight. In those zones where funding is not sufficient to pay for all of the maintenance required, the County Council has set the following levels of maintenance: low, medium and high, based on maintenance priorities: (i) safety items considered first and primary, (ii) keeping parks safe, open and available to the public, (ii) responding to vandalism, (iii) keeping turf and plant materials in healthy condition and (iv) removing, but not replacing, dead and dying plant materials and (v) thinning and scaling back landscaping to lower maintenance requirements [2]. The County will also be making some enhancements to a number of median landscaped areas. The aim is to make a one-time improvement, such as the installation of low-maintenance ground covering. These efforts will eventually reduce future maintenance costs and help all zones to remain within their own budgets. 3.  Factors of design for public buildings: A Case-Study Approach Successfully designing, constructing and operating high-performance buildings requires the building owner and all members of the design team to set goals to minimize future levels of maintenance via minimization of energy consumption and environmental impact. The team should establish these goals as early as possible in the design process and maintain them through the building occupation. One method for achieving high-performance building goals is to follow the energy design process. This process begins in the pre-design phase and continues after the building is commissioned and occupied. Understanding which strategies are best suited for the building site and function, setting aggressive energy targets early and relying on advanced computer simulations to evaluate building design options are essential to the overall reliability process. The building envelope is designed first to minimize energy consumption. The mechanical, electrical and control systems are designed after optimizing the envelope design. Detailed specifications must accurately reflect the design intent. After construction, the building is commissioned, the owner and operators are instructed on the optimal operation of the building and building operation documents are provided for future maintenance reference. A case-study on an actual high-performance building demonstrates how to apply the design process to all public buildings of the future This building incorporates energy-efficient and renewable energy design features including day-lighting, passive heating and cooling and improved thermal envelope. All this energy saving considerations is being intentionally put in place to significantly reduce future maintenance needs and increase reliability of building functionalities [5] In a traditional design process, the architectural team determines the building form and articulation of the faà §ade, including orientation, colour, window area and window placement. This architectural design is then handed off to the engineering team, who designs the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, ensures compliance with applicable energy codes, and ensures acceptable levels of environmental comfort for building occupants. From an engineers point of view, energy dependability occurs by improving the design of the HVAC system. It is then the engineers goal to create an efficient system within the context of the building envelope that has been previously designed—the architectural decisions have been finalized and few changes can be made to the envelope design [4] For successful realization of low-energy buildings which are less susceptible to failures, an efficient design team must establish a cost-effective energy goal. Once a commitment to energy minimization has been made, the energy-design process can be used to guide the team towards good decision making and trade-off analysis without sacrificing the building’s programmatic requirements. The building must incorporate disaster resistant (e.g., able to function if no grid-power is available). The design should meet or exceed all the functional and comfort requirements of the building. Low-energy design does not imply that building occupants endure conditions that are considered unacceptable in traditional buildings. The design team develops a thorough understanding of the building site and building functional requirements. A qualitative evaluation of these issues early in the design process often leads to later solutions for minimizing potential building maintenance needs Many design strategies are applicable to most buildings however, each building is unique, and thus, will have unique reliability design solutions [9]. Simulation of a base-case model of the building is done to identify maintenance minimization opportunities via low energy consumption using an hourly building simulation computer tool. This computer model simulates annual loads and peak demands for heating, cooling, lighting, plug loads and for HVAC system fans and pumps to determine the energy-use profile and the likelihood of possible failures of the base-case building. The design team brainstorms possible solutions to dependability problems. At this stage, the emphasis is on solutions relating to building geometry. Simulations are performed on variants of the base-case building relating to the list of possible solutions. Issues that will have a profound influence on the architectural aspects of the building are quantitatively explored prior to the conceptual design phase. The energy impact of each variant is determined by comparison to the original base-case building and to the other variants. Computerized design tools bring all the architectural and engineering pieces together to predict how the building’s components will interact. In other words, day-lighting systems, thermal issues and building control strategies may be addressed by different building disciplines but successful integrated building performance can only be achieved by examining the interrelation between these components. The conceptual design is the most difficult part of the building design process. It is essential that the dependability features be integrated into the architecture of the building. The objective is to use the architectural and envelope features to minimize energy costs for heating, cooling, and lighting. Often, energy features that effect the visual impact of the building can also serve as the main architectural aesthetic features, thereby saving costs. If the addition of an energy feature substantially increases the building cost, it is evaluated with the cost-effectiveness criteria already established [6] After the architectural features impacting energy use have been determined, the computer model simulating the performance of the proposed building is updated to reflect those decisions. A set of simulations is then performed to guide decisions regarding the HVAC system and associated controls. These simulations are primarily to optimize annual dependability of building lighting functions and the occupant comfort. The simulations can also be used to help properly size the equipment. Low-energy buildings defy the industry norms used for equipment sizing. First cost savings in substantially downsized equipment can often be used to pay for improved envelope energy features. At this point, there will be some iteration or trade-off between mechanical system decisions and architectural features; however, it is best to optimize the architectural features first. Although the energy design process may increase the cost to design the building compared to the traditional design process, the incr eased design cost is often offset by reductions in errors and decreased mechanical system cost. Fewer errors occur because careful attention was paid throughout the design process and more effort is placed on checking and review. Also, small mechanical systems require less space in the building (requiring less building to be built), and therefore, lower capital costs. Once the simulation work has been completed, occasional simulations will need to be performed as needed in response to unanticipated circumstances. This might include the need to determine if a substitute component really meets the energy related specifications or review of a construction detail that must be modified because of a problem on the construction site. Scheduled plan reviews and site inspections are crucial to ensure that specified details omitted from the plans do not compromise the energy design. A clear communication path between the constructor, building operator and the design team will help ensure that components are installed properly [10] In many cases, once construction on a particular area is incorrectly completed, it cannot be reinstalled and the building owner is forced to live with the reliability performance consequences. The commissioning process includes testing all subsystems in the building to ensure that they operate as intended. For example, poorly calibrated economizer controls can bring in excess air or poorly calibrated daylight sensors may not turn off the lights, thus causing failure to the equipments. Occasional simulations will be required to help solve problems that emerge during this final phase and to respond to changes in building use that may occur once the building is occupied. The key is that the controls function with the design intent of the building. A good building quickly becomes a bad building with improper control strategies. In addition, it is important to educate the building owner, occupants and the maintenance staff to properly use the building systems as conceived by the design team. The building’s performance can only be optimized if the people running the systems understand how the systems interact. This would save cost of system errors leading to malfunctions and would eventually reduce the need for future building maintenance. 4.  Conclusion Good construction practices provide protection and minimum maintenance required for existing high-tech buildings and other features. Continued good appearance of these buildings depends upon the extent and quality of maintenance. The choice of materials and their use, together with the types of finishes and other protective measures should be conducive to easy maintenance and upkeep. An integrated design approach for private high performance buildings have been discussed from construction to commission. A low energy cost reduction was ideally established early and maintained throughout the design process. An integrated set of solutions for architectural design and energy efficiency was determined, including extensive day-lighting, natural ventilation, evaporative cooling and passive solar radiant heating. It is important to design a building that works with the environment in which it is located to minimize the need for maintenance in the long run. The building architecture was formed based on the programmatic and energy goals for the project. Tall vertical elements are naturally preferred to harmonize the building with the surrounding natural environment. The towers were also used to passively cool the building. An HVAC system was designed to work with the building. A PV system was installed to provide emergency power and supplemental power when utility power is available. The building construction and energy costs was significantly less and more reliable than a conventional one. This shows that sustainable buildings need not cost more with no level maintenance requirements REFERENCES [1] A. H. Molof, C. J. Turkstra (1984). Infrastructure, maintenance and repair of public works. New York Academy of Sciences. [2] A. P. Chrest (2001). Parking Structures: Planning, design, construction, maintenance and repair. Kluwer Academic Publishers. [3] Aia Pr (1993). Confronting the changes: New considerations in the design and management of public-sector facilities. [4] B. Chanter and P. Swallow (2000). Building Maintenance Management. Blackwell Science. [5] D. Hunns (1986). Human Factors in Reliability and the Psychology of Communications. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, pp 22-37. [6] E. D. Mills (1980). Building maintenance and preservation: a guide for design and management. Boston, Butterworths. [7] E. Teicholz (2001). Facility Design and Management Handbook. Mc-Graw Hill Companies. [8] M. Ruff (1998). Sewer, gas and electric: The Public Works trilogy. Grove/Atlantic Press [9] R. Lee and P. Wordsworth (2000). Lee’s Building Maintenance Management. Blackwell Publishers. [10] S. B. Birch, Jr, Craftsman Book Co, R. Price and L. Nicholson (2001). Public Works Inspector Manual. Building News.